This study examined the spatial relationships between various types of wetland and the distribution of Asian openbills (Anastomus oscitans) as an indicator species in a peri-urban industrial area of Bangkok. We (1) mapped the study area by using a time series of aerial photographs combined with field validations, (2) conducted a 2-year line census of Asian openbills in the field, (3) interviewed local farmers and residents about Asian openbill populations and spatial distributions, and (4) conducted an overlay analysis to statistically identify land-use factors related to spatiotemporal changes in the Asian openbill population and distribution. We found that the number of ponds increased from 1980 to 1999 and then decreased from 1999 to 2010, but the remaining ponds were relatively temporally stable in their numbers and volumes. Paddy fields were primarily replaced by aquaculture ponds, and excavated soil was used as fill in adjoining built-up areas. The number of coconut, banana, mango and other trees planted around the ponds increased during the period, providing Asian openbill habitat. The openbills fed in the remaining paddy fields, and the simultaneous existence of various rice cultivation stages in the area provided a stable year-round source of food. Overall, the results indicated that this expanding urban-rural mosaic landscape could include further spatial distribution of Asian openbills in the future. This study of Asian openbills reveals just one example of the ecosystem services provided by developments creating pond-fill landscapes, and the methods used may be applicable in other similar continental delta regions.

Coastal cities in Asia face increasing risks of extreme climate events and urgently need to develop risk-reduction plans to mitigate the harmful socioeconomic consequences of such events. In this study, we undertook geographical analyses and conducted interviews with stakeholders in the Tacloban City area, the Philippines, to investigate the relationships among building types, storm-surge inundation and post-disaster recovery after 2013 Typhoon Yolanda. Squatter settlements in low-lying urban and coastal areas were destroyed by the typhoon, but were rapidly rebuilt by squatters using debris from the typhoon. Government programs relocated some of the affected squatter populations to new socialized housing developments on safe higher ground that were some distance from the squatters' former urban and coastal livelihoods, thus causing reluctance to relocation. Our GIS analysis of available geo-spatial data, coupled with extensive stakeholder interviews, showed that there were enough vacant lots within pre-existing housing subdivisions to house more than 7000 squatters and provide them with plots for urban vegetable farming that would provide their livelihood. Interviews with stakeholders suggested that this approach would not encounter excessive resistance. Thus, our study demonstrated that comprehensive GIS analyses and stakeholder involvement can contribute to effective land-use planning for community resilience.

We applied a geographic approach to the analysis of current food-related behaviors in pen-urban Bangkok, Thailand, to better understand potential for building a local food system for sustainable peri-urban agriculture during a period of rapid urbanization. We addressed three main working questions: (I) Do traditional wet markets keep functioning as an important hub for vegetable and fruit food systems under the influence of modern supermarkets? (2) How "local" are the current food-related behaviors of multiple actors? (3) How do the distributions of food-related actors and their environments change in this period of rapid urbanization in pen-urban areas? We combined field based interviews of multiple actors, including farming and non-farming households, wet market retailers, and food shop owners with a GIS analysis of food-related activities and land use changes. We found that the traditional food system played an important role as both a food source for households and a selling destination for farmers. Wet market, a hub in traditional food system, spread across pen-urban areas and kept increasing under urbanization. There was, however, little connection between farmers and nearby wet markets in the same district and it constricted positive feedbacks between producers and consumers in pen-urban areas. Promoting communication between farmers and nearby retailers will contribute to better governance of a local food system and subsequent long-term conservation of pen-urban farmlands. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licensesiby-nc-nd/4.0/).

水路の漸進的開発史や，低平緩傾斜なため個別灌漑区の集合体としての広域水利環境が把握しにくい特性にも影響され，雨期に日常的に散発する洪水情報は，整備された公的データとしては表出しにくい。また，こうした水利文化史の影響を受け，タイ人の洪水に対する認識は，島弧のフラッシュ洪水が日常的な日本人のそれとは根本的に異なっている。例えば2011年の洪水被害に遭ったある農家では，洪水が押し寄せて来た初期段階に自宅の屋根や舟の上に避難した後，釣り竿を用いて食糧の確保を行っていた。さらに，2ヶ月の湛水期間を舟の上で過ごし，タイ風ラーメンの販売を行っていた。このように，タイの多くの人々は毎年の洪水に対して柔軟に適応・順応している面もある。一方で，農家にとって農地の長期湛水は，直接的に経済的被害をもたらす。熱帯アジアに位置するタイの農業は，日本と異なり，そもそも多毛作・多期作であり，農業暦も区画毎に異なる実態がある。例えば，ある区画で稲刈りが行われていても，その隣の区画で田植えが行われていたりする。このような多様な農地が，都市郊外では洪水や都市化などの様々なストレスにさらされている。実際の長期湛水被害後に，遊水機能を持つ農地が減少することは，市街地と農地両方に対し将来の洪水リスクを高めることにつながる。このため，長期湛水被害後の農地利用の持続性を担保することは，将来的な洪水リスクのさらなる上昇を抑制しうると考えられる。多様な利用形態が動態的に出現する郊外農地の持続性を担保する施策を検討する上で，実際の洪水後の利用変遷を明らかにすることが必要条件となる。こうした点をふまえ，本研究では，タイ王国バンコク首都圏北西郊外に位置するノンタブリ県の中でも都市化の最前線にあるバンメナン地区を対象とし，2011年の大規模洪水時以降の農地利用の変容およびその要因を明らかにすることを目的とする。今後世界各地で温暖化による洪水リスクが高まると想定される中，前述したように文化的に洪水順応性が高い社会条件を有するタイにおいて，実際の大洪水後の郊外農地のレジリエンスを評価することは，対象地域内に止まらない応用性を持ちうると考えられる。

In the Osaka area in the 1880s, rice was grown mostly in dry fields in upland areas, and a few paddy fields were situated on the natural wet landforms along the major rivers and streams on the Osaka Plain. As the area developed, dry fields became irrigated, and the lowland fields were filled and converted to urban land uses. For the Osaka city region, developed in this historical context, an ecological network has been proposed by the national government in 2006. The proposal was partially influenced by ecological network planning in the Netherlands, and it focuses on spatial patterns and wetland restoration measures at a limited number of sites. However, its historical geography is not taken into consideration. Therefore we examined historical land-use changes in the Osaka area and then compared restoration projects in both countries. On the one hand, we found some similarities in wetland restoration processes and measures at unused industrial sites in reclaimed coastal areas in Japan (the Osaka Nankou Bird Sanctuary) and the Netherlands (the Oostvaardersplassen). There are, on the other hand, notable differences in appropriate wetland restoration measures in farmland areas. Some potential wetland restoration candidates in Japan require either winter flooding or the resumption of labor-intensive agricultural practices in abandoned paddy fields, because many of these sites were naturally dry before the introduction of irrigation. In the Netherlands (e.g., at Tiengemeten), however, this was not a problem because areas are being converted from drained fields to natural wetlands. To conclude, regional considerations are therefore important when ecological networks are planned, and the perspective of historical geography is essential when networks are planned with wetland restoration as a core element.

This study aimed to assess Japan's recent "local production for local consumption" (LPLC) movement, with a special focus on vegetables in the Osaka city region of central Japan. After collecting statistics and spatial data, we conducted a multi-scale analysis of vegetable production and consumption along with the associated energy consumption, using geographical information system software at three spatial scales along the vegetable flow paths: national, regional, and local. Vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region came from prefectures throughout Japan, and we mapped the foodshed within this region at 1-km spatial resolution, as well as the distribution of farmland, farmers' and other markets. We also conducted a scenario analysis for reduced energy consumption through organic farming and the utilization of abandoned farmland near a city to replace food imports from distant areas. We found that the large majority of vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region currently come from remote prefectures, and that this is associated with a high level of energy consumption. Inside the Osaka city region, peri-urban vegetable farming contributes to regional vegetable provision, resulting in an approximately 70 % production/consumption ratio within an 80-km radius of the urban center; if all of the area of abandoned farmland were restored to production, this ratio would increase to approximately 75 %. Organic farming activities that bring together farmers and urbanites are emerging in many parts of the study area, contributing to increased LPLC. Scenario analysis suggested that a decrease of more than 1 x 10(6) GJ of energy inputs could be achieved through wider adoption of local organic farming for local consumption and complete utilization of abandoned farmland in the Osaka city region.

The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess vegetable production and consumption in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We conducted field investigations into vegetable production at a farm within a subdivision, monitored customers for 1 week at the farm's vegetable stand, interviewed customers of the stand, and conducted household monitoring and interviews to identify purchasing behavior. We also conducted an object-based WorldView-2 image analysis of a larger area to identify current and potential future vegetable farming plots and a spatial analysis using GIS to visualize the vegetable production/consumption ratio. We found that about one-third of current vegetable demand could be supplied by greater promotion of vegetable farming in vacant lots and by setting up more vegetable stands at spatial intervals less than 1-km. Subdivision regulations also influenced vegetable farming because of the level of social acceptance of caretakers of vacant lots. The current planning and institutional framework does not consider social contexts in land use and planning. We suggested that a new framework is necessary; it should consider balancing the formation of social capital and formalize planning and institutional procedures to support sustainable local vegetable production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

2009年台風オンドイによるマニラ首都圏東部における洪水に関し,湛水深と微地形の関係を解析した。さらには,特に被害が大きく特徴的な洪水がみられた地点を中心に,住民へのインタビューにより洪水当時の状況を復元した。それらの結果を2001年時の調査結果と比較検証し,土地利用変化および洪水対策インフラの整備がもたらした洪水特性の変容について考察した。

Using the solid waste management programmes of three barangays (the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines) in Quezon City, Metro Manila, as a case study, this research aimed to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems through the promotion of urban agricultural activities on green and vacant spaces. First, the quantity of organic waste and compost produced through ongoing barangay projects was measured. The amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within the barangays was then identified to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. The results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighbouring farm villages. However, the present analysis of potential compost use within the barangay demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban-rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban-rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban-rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach.

In China, built-up areas are expanding rapidly into suburban agricultural fields due to recent economic growth. To understand land-use changes and its factors, we carried out a case study in the suburban four counties of Tianjin City. We examined land-use changes between 1995 and 2002 through digital map preparation and GIS analysis, and verified these changes in the field by interviews. We found that urban land uses and factories have been expanding into the peripheral dry and rice fields, which were basically approved by the local government. Agricultural land diversification was also observed in the two different forms that were large-scale export-oriented farmlands and small-scale patches to supply vegetables and fishes for the local market.

In the urban-rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5-51.1% of total generation.

In low-lying areas of urban and suburban regions in Asia, the use of landfill has allowed urban land use to encroach onto watery landforms, such as back marshes, which were formerly used as rice fields. To improve understanding of the associations between land-use patterns and landfill development, we carried out a case study in the urban fringe of Metro Manila in the Philippines. We examined landfill volume derived from land-use change using GIS, and field surveyed qualitative aspects of the landfill used. We calculated the rate of application of landfill in low-lying housing development areas to be 5.0 × 10^3 m3 km-2 year-1, most of which consisted of offsite disposal of construction waste or crushed rock produced by urban development and renewal on the adjoining uplands. The flow of fill material from offsite sources to onsite landfill development areas was on the basis of individual agreements between suppliers and developers.

For large Asian cities situated on deltaic lowlands, landform transformation is essential for both agrarian and urban development. Understanding landform transformation processes and patterns is important for landscape planning in areas of mixed urban-rural land use on the periphery of these cities. We examined landform transformation processes and patterns in Bangkok at three scales: (1) meso-scale quantitative landform analysis on the urban fringe of Bangkok using aerial photograph interpretation and topographic measurements; (2) micro-scale field measurements in sample districts to investigate relationships between building styles and the types of fill material used; (3) macro-scale analysis of the flow of fill material from source areas outside Bangkok to end use on the urban-rural fringe of the city. Our study showed that the type and the cumulative volume of fill material used are related to past agricultural land-use patterns, which in turn are related to the pre-existing natural local environment. We found associations between building styles and types of fill material used: townhouses are built on clay fill foundations, whereas condominiums and roads with heavy traffic loads are built on sand fill. Each type of fill has a different flow from source to end use that is influenced by geologic and economic conditions. The flow of clay fill is limited to the meso-scale urban fringe area, whereas sand fill travels from sand pits on a natural sand levee 100 km upstream from its end use on the urban fringe. The sand output at its source was estimated to be 1.5 x 10(5) m(3) day(-1), which, depending on cost, is either trucked or transported by river to the urban fringe development areas. Thus, landform transformation was found to occur at multiple scales in the Bangkok region, and the delta is no longer flat. These findings suggest that deltaic landscape planning should incorporate the means of managing the flow of fill material from source pits to end use in urban fringe development areas.

Urban-rural land-use mixture is a common phenomenon in the fringe areas of Asian large cities. Although the current spatial planning system in various cities attempts to separate urban from rural land uses, the land-use mixture is expected to have advantages in many phases, particularly in bio-resource utilization. Referring to the cases of Japan, Thailand and China, we discuss the hierarchical structure of biomass flows and urban-rural land uses. We suggest that the Asian land-use mixture has high potential for bio-resource utilization, thereby contributing to urban-rural sustainability in Asian cities.

Urban sprawl areas as mixtures of urban and rural landuses are being created increasingly rapidly in the suburbs of the mega-cities located on Asia's river deltas. These landuse changes are causing serious environmental problems and dynamic urban growth controls are urgently needed. We examined landuse changes in the suburbs of Bangkok, and focused on the landform transformation that is inherent on deltas where the landuse is shifting from paddy fields to urban dwellings. The research was conducted through aerial photograph interpretation and field measurements. GIS was used for data analysis. We confirm that the present pattern of urban landuse has been profoundly influenced by past agricultural landuses, which in turn were adapted to the natural local environment. Areas subject to rice plantations with linear canal systems are occupied by townhouses, whereas areas subject to paddy fields with irregular canal systems are occupied by slum-type housing. Transect surveys indicate that the local people have responded to flooding expertly through artificial landform transformation. There was a statistical association between landlevel and landuse type. The volume of landform transformation that has occurred over the last half-century was calculated at 3.2 × 10^7 m3, equivalent to 64 km2 of area flooded to an average depth of 50 cm. Thus, landuse change has both horizontal and vertical components, which cannot be separated from each other. From these results, it is clear that past patterns of agricultural landuse and landform transformation are keys to effective landscape planning for mega-cities on the deltas of Asia.

The aim of this study is to show the relationships of landforms, floods and land use changes around Laguna Lacustrine Plain, Manila, Philippines. we proved that floods respond to the landforms through comparing a landform classifiation map with satellite images, and then we evaluated the influence of the urbanized bank up areas on the flow of floods using GlS. As a result, we suggested the importance of connected urban green spaces that decrease flood hazard.

Recent rapid growth of SfM/MVS technology allows researchers without deeper skills of photogrammetry to detect landform changes at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Here we report our recent projects quantifying landform changes using downloadable aerial photos and self-acquired drone images with special focus on its practical processes. Our trials were able to detect landform changes with reliable accuracies to use for ordinary academic classes and landscape level research. This practical report could contribute to future research in other study areas and academic fields.

Street trees, which play a certain role in alleviating problems in urban areas, are experiencing the poor growth due to the stress in the urban environment. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the environmental factors that affect the growth of street trees. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the degree of decline and street configuration among 2,615 dogwoods planted along the streets in Tokyo. As a result of our analysis, in the area where the buildings were tall, the tree vigor tends to be poor and in the area where the planting type was planting zone rather than planting pot, the tree vigor was tend to be good, in whole Tokyo area. Outside Tokyo 23 wards, there was a tendency for good tree vigor in the area where the road width was wide and the street trees were facing south. In Tokyo 23 wards where tree vigor has deteriorated since 2006, the buildings were tall and the roads width was also narrow. The results of this study show the possibility the effects of sunshine on the dogwood tree vigor are large in the wide areas. In particular, the height of the buildings and road width were regarded as significant factors where the tree vigor was actually degraded.

In order to conserve terraced paddy landscapes in mountainous areas in Japan, strategic land-use zoning for terraced paddies, surrounding forests and villages is important. For this purpose, it is essential to understand spatial distribution of original terraced paddy parcels before intensive afforestation and mechanism of land-use changes. In this study, we interpreted large-scale 1953 aerial photographs and constructed vector parcel dataset, and conducted spatial analysis in consideration of landforms and the current land covers. As the results, we identified that many terraced paddy parcels in 1953 were very tiny lots with its sizes were less than 100m^2. It was suggested that terraced paddy parcels in nearby areas along the Arida River tended to be still cultivated until now, whereas those on the steep slope over 20 degree in upper river area are mostly abandoned. And our results also showed 40% of the parcels were planted with conifer trees and 40% could be changed into broadleaf forests as natural forest succession in this area. Our parcel dataset could contribute to develop a deeper understanding of the land use change process of terraced paddy field and its backgrounds, and to make a new conservation strategy with not only conceptual design but also numerical goals based on scientific evidence.

1980年代バブル経済による中心市街地の地価高騰に対応して，多くの大学キャンパスが郊外丘陵・山地に移転した．新キャンパスは切り盛り地形改変を伴う土地造成により建設された．誘発された周辺宅地開発とあわせ，従前の地域生態系を劣化させた．その後の景気低迷により開発圧が低下する中，郊外キャンパスは里山管理の担い手供給源としての価値も認められる．本報告では，和歌山市郊外の和泉山脈山麓に立地する和歌山大学栄谷キャンパスにおいて，和歌山大学システム工学部学生を主な対象に，キャンパスの立地環境を活用した防災・生態系実習の取り組み内容と経緯を紹介する．GISを活用した新旧地形図比較による土地造成の定量化，UAV(ドローン)を用いた地形変化量の計測，植生調査による環境負荷の計量を通じ，地域生態系を防災・環境の観点から評価するものである．これらの実習成果を時系列で蓄積していくことで，地域生態系モニタリング研究の一助ともなることが期待される．

本研究では2013年台風ヨランダによって壊滅的な被害を受けたフィリピンレイテ島タクロバン市を事例として，地理情報収集と現地調査により，被災強度と地形，土地利用変化との関係を検証し，現地性の高いレジリエントな防災土地利用計画のあり方を検討した．結果として，低湿地にはスラムが拡大し必然的に大きな被害を受けたものの，被災直後から迅速に瓦礫を再利用してスラムを再構築しており，低湿地にマングローブ防潮林を再植林する防災計画は非現実的と考えられた．フィリピンの主要な住宅供給形態であるサブディビジョンは多様な微地形に立地しており，やはり低湿地で被害が大きかったものの，最低限のインフラは整備されており，地区内には多くの空地も分布していた．スラムの遠隔地高台移転計画は，生業・職住近接の面から円滑に進むとは考えにくく，サブディビジョン内の空地など既存インフラの活用と社会制度の改善を進めることも，将来のレジリエントな土地利用の実現にも資すると考えられた．

【研究論文／Articles】

CEに関しては，これまでも所有者の売却意思に与える影響など，米国を中心に多くの研究が為されている。国内においても，制度の紹介がなされているほか，CEの概念の整理，日本への導入の可能性も踏まえたCEの利点や課題など，数少ないながらも，既往研究が存在している。しかし，ACEについての研究事例は国内ではほとんど行われておらず，持続可能な生態系サービスの供給のために，どのような仕組みを有しているのか，どのように都市と郊外を結びつける工夫が行われているかについて，ほとんど明らかになっていない。そこで本研究では，ニューヨーク市によるACEについて，その制度的特徴と運用状況について，上記の二点の視点から整理し，報告することを目的とする。

「みなべ・田辺の梅システム」は，平成27年12月15日に，FAO本部で開催された「GIAHS運営・科学合同委員会」において，世界農業遺産に認定された。まず，認定をいただいたこのみなべ・田辺の梅システムとは何なのか。元来稲作に不向きな礫質の斜面に梅を植栽し，地表では草生栽培を行うことで土壌流出を防ぎ有機物の循環もはかる。梅林の上の尾根部にはウバメガシなどから成る薪炭林を残して育成し，高付加価値の紀州備長炭を持続的に生産するとともに，斜面崩壊を防ぐ水源涵養林としての機能も持たせる。梅林と薪炭林にはポリネーターとしてニホンミツバチが生息し，梅林との共生関係を築き上げる。そして梅林下にはため池を配し，下流部の水田や多様な野菜等を生産する畑地を潤す。そして集落に住む人々は，品種改良や農法改善，森林資源管理の努力を惜しまず，400年にわたってこのシステムを持続的に維持してきた。米本位だった時代には，とりわけ条件不利地域であったといえるこの現場で，現在に至るまで農業生産を継続してきたことは，土地荒廃が進行するアジアやその他各地で持続可能な土地利用を実現する上でのモデルとなり得るであろう。

本研究では，堺市旧野田村地区を対象とし，旧版大縮尺地形図および灌漑図をデジタル化して構築したため池・水路網ならびに農地利用図と郷土史文献資料，カエル類の鳴き声の録音調査により，灌漑水田景観が卓越する農村地域の都市化による水路管理・農地環境の変化とその要因，生物生息への影響の把握を行った。その結果，都市化は水路の暗渠化や農地の断片化をもたらしてきたが，水利組合には流量増加や寄附金収入なども一時的にもたらされること，乾田化や水路・畦畔のコンクリート舗装に適応できないカエル種が現在は少ないことが明らかになった。

In this study, we investigated the lot owners' awareness of their own and neighborhood greeneries, and examined factors influencing their awareness including personal attributions and life histories as well as surrounding physical urban green environment. We also associated these awareness with potential of continuous maintenance of these greeneries. We selected suburban residential district with considerable greeneries in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, central Japan as case study area, and carried out questionnaire survey to the residents. We also geographically verified distribution of the greeneries, and examined relationships between the above points. As the results, we found that many residents considered their own greeneries as important elements not only for themselves but also for their neighborhoods. However, the residents whose land parcels were less than approximately 200m2 put less value to their greeneries for the neighborhood. We also identified that there were no direct association between the maintenance cost and holding intentions of greeneries, and greenery owners tended to have intentions to hold it throughout their life in the district. These results suggested that parcel fragmentations and generation changes might accelerate loss of urban greeneries with good maintenance.

本研究では，2011年より防災協力農地制度を導入した大阪府堺市を対象に，インタビュー調査により制度導入プロセスと運用現状を把握した後，現地調査により防災協力農地の空間分布・利用状況と，登記簿の分析により土地所有の状況を明らかにする．それらを空間解析し，防災協力農地の利用・所有特性と，災害時の機能発揮ポテンシャルについて検討した．結果として，本制度は，堺市農業委員会からの申請によりつくられたということ，制度設計にあたって先行する近隣の大阪府貝塚市の制度を参考にしたということ，一時避難場所としての利用を重視しているということが分かった．悉皆調査した防災協力農地の利用状況は，畑が59区画，水田が55区画，果樹が2区画であり，その半数以上で防災協力農地であることを示す看板が確認できなかった．分布指向性空間分析により，防災協力農地は偏在しており，市域全体をカバーするには至っていないことが視覚化された．防災協力農地の所有者総数は35名であり，この35名が悉皆調査した125区画を所有している．所有者の居住地に近い防災協力農地の多くで抵当権が設定されており，農地としての永続性は担保されていないと考えられた．災害時には，市街地周縁では各防災協力農地から400m圏内の住民を一時的に収用するキャパシティがあると推定されたが，市街地中心部ではそもそも防災協力農地の面積と数が少ないため，一時避難機能が十分に発揮されないと考えられた．

近年，都市郊外商業施設においても緑化空間創出が進んでいるが，それらの存在意義や利用者が緑地へ求める機能の検証は少ない。本研究は和歌山市郊外の商業施設緑化空間を対象として，設計者へのインタビューにより設計段階で期待された機能・効果ならびに，アンケートにて利用者の行動・効果の認知度を明らかにし，両者の関係性の把握を行った。その結果，設計者が緑化空間に設計段階で期待した眺望を楽しむ・散策などの機能は，利用者の実際の行動として発現していた。土地の自然環境を配慮したデザインについては，利用者の認知度は低く，これは設計者側の自然イメージが和歌山県域に一般化されていたことも一因であると考えられた。

In order to understand the current implementation of Designated Administrator System to Public Facility with the Satoyama environment, municipal ordinances with the provision of Public Facility etc. and the administrative data of Appointed Business Operator within Kansai Region were widely collected and grouped according to the stage of implementation process. Case study in the park with Satoyama environment was also carried out for deeper understanding of actual management activities. Management diaries were analyzed and in depth interviews were conducted. As the results, it was found that most municipalities have introduced Designated Administrator System, but few Public Facilities with the Satoyama environment were applied. And the implementation was spatially unequally among the municipalities. Our case study indicated that Designated Administrator System had provided some benefits on the facility management, whereas several crucial issues to be solved were also identified for the better management of Satoyama environment. We suggested several points to be improved in the current Designated Administrator System.

This study used the concept of resilience as a framework to explore the response of a traditional rice-dominated agricultural society to past climatic variability in the Hai River Basin, North China Plain. In agriculture-based communities, the performance of resilience refers to the functions of cropping and water systems and the flexibility to respond to an uncertain climate. With limited water inflow, the responses to the recent historical precipitation variability in this case study demonstrated that the local people were adjusting to both interannual variability and extreme drought through their collective and individual actions. In the short term, the local people coped by adjusting the planting area and individually switching from planting paddy rice to less water-intensive crops in order to adapt to a severe, continuing drought. However, because of poor management of the water system by community leaders and the lack of an adequate budget for the collective action of rice cropping, the shift in land use to rice cropping as an adaptation to the recent increased precipitation was not usually reversible. In the long term, the agricultural production of most villages became less resilient to current precipitation variability, despite the intention of most villagers to change the current cropping system to improve their low household staple food self-sufficiency. This study indicated that over the long term the social resilience and adaptive capacity of agricultural communities and their associated stakeholders must be built on and enhanced to better cope with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability. New institutional arrangements, including collective irrigation regimes and community leadership capabilities, are required to build social resilience and to enhance adaptive capacity for future uncertainties.

This study focused on assessing supply-demand balance of nitrogen in compost/vegetable productions at vacant lots in subdivisions as well as in barangays, in Quezon City in Metro Manila. We obtained data on the recommended rate of fertilizer application per each vegetable from the precedent studies. The analysis of composition of sample compost was conducted and a total nitrogen amount of locally produced compost was estimated. GIS was used for understanding spatial characteristics of nitrogen balance. We found that almost half of the subdivisions were faced to oversupply though several subdivisions were deemed to be in quite short supply. Cooperation among subdivisions in each barangay had a potential of better nitrogen balance; however, the current centralized composting facilities might not be good support for continued compost recycle system because of their distribution patterns. We proposed that the current barangay-based policies on organic waste management and urban agriculture should be more flexible and more attentions to coordinating system between subdivisions across barangay boundaries. This scheme can contribute to further organic material recycling within living spaces, thereby promoting sustainable living spaces in the suburban residential area.

Recently, the roof-top vegetable gardens for rent have been drawing public attentions, particularly urbanites. We focused on the agricultural production and promotion functions of these gardens, and conducted interviews and participatory investigations to evaluate these functions. We selected 4 sample gardens in Osaka-Kobe region according to types of management agencies, and interviewed managers on the issues about opening processes and management policies. Through the interviews, we identified that one of the 4 sample gardens managed by NPO had higher attentions to the agricultural functions. Hence we had participated in this garden as a user, and made in-depth interviews with managers and users. We also measured vegetable volumes produced by users in round number. We found a mismatch between the manager's policy to enhance agriculture itself and the users' wills to enjoy a harvest only. Nevertheless, we estimated good production potential that could be competitive to the national average in the ordinary ground farmland.

本研究では，バンコク都郊外のノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，詳細なスケールでの洪水パターンと土地利用の関係性について、湛水深度および湛水期間の観点から明らかにすることを目的とした。バンメナン地区の主な土地利用である水田，果樹園，住宅の湛水深度を現地測量により取得した。また，タイ地理情報・宇宙技術開発機関が公表している湛水ポリゴンファイルを元に，湛水期間のマップを作成し，湛水深度と共に解析を行った。結果，人工的な地形改変を伴う市街地開発は土地利用ごとの標高の差を生み，それに依存する形で洪水時の湛水深度は土地利用の間で異なっていた。湛水期間には，東西方向，土地利用が影響していた。これは，湛水期間への広域的な洪水の移動パターン，土地利用配置，土地利用ごとの盛り土造成や人為的排水の影響を示唆していた。今後のバンコク郊外地域における洪水対策においては，計画的な盛り土造成を行い，周辺農地への影響などに考慮した市街地開発手法を検討すべきである。また，農業地域における市街地開発プロセスに関する詳細な実態解明に基づいた連担農地保全に実効性の高い規制手法の検討が求められるであろう。

This study examines the food flow in Tianjin, divided into three areas (urban, suburban, and rural), as a case study to gain a better understanding of local and regional food flows and ecosystem performance. The study has the following objectives: (1) to evaluate the capacity for self-sufficiency within Tianjin's administrative boundary by estimating a self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) using statistical data at both the city and local scales, (2) to estimate food flow at the city scale from field surveys of the local markets and statistics provided by the local government, and (3) to examine the real flows of the two primary types of arable crops (cereal grains and vegetables) at the local level by conducting semi-structured household interviews. The results of this study show that Tianjin has experienced a rapid increase of self-sufficiency capacity since the 1980s, and it appears to have the capacity to support the citizens within its borders. Rural areas have had a surplus in all of the studied food categories since the 1980s, and suburban areas have a history of high estimated SSR for vegetables, poultry, and fish. However, a low degree of locally sourced product flow was observed in this study. Most of the local cereal crops were consumed in the agricultural production areas, but 70 % of the vegetables produced in the rural areas flowed outside of Tianjin and did not support Tianjin local consumption. To reduce its vulnerability to food security issues and to promote a more environmentally desirable local food system, Tianjin needs to recognize the high productivity of its local ecosystem and reduce its dependence on other remote ecosystems for its food needs. A stronger relationship between urban and rural areas should also be established.

The purpose of this study is to include among close-at-hand shelter zones urban green spaces other than parks, and to examine the safety that those spaces provide against fires in terms of lot size, tree coverage ratio, and the fire-protection functions of trees. For our study we chose the district in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture. This study found that because the tree coverage ratio, which affects a shelter zone’s defense against fire, is changed by the effect of the tree canopy and not by lot size, it is necessary to use methods which ensure a good crown spread, such as planting tree species whose crowns spread well, improving pruning methods, and planting trees closer to the center of a lot. Our study also found that despite the small sizes of lots, many good fire-protection tree species had been planted.

本研究は、大阪府堺市南東地域を対象に、土地利用制度が農地の管理粗放化と自給的利用に与える影響を包括的に解析することで、都市近郊農地保全に関する今後の土地利用制度の枠組み構築に寄与することを目的とした。土地利用制度の影響評価に当たっては、広域に適用可能かつ客観的な指標を用いることに留意した。加えて、農地管理の粗放化への隣接土地利用などの影響が指摘されていることに鑑み、多様な要因の相対的な影響にも留意した。なお、本研究では、都市近郊における主要な農業形態である野菜生産のための畑地に着目してデータの収集および解析を行った。その結果、農地管理状況に関する分析により、土地利用制度が隣接土地利用とならんで農地管理粗放化に影響していることを明らかにした。また、特に宅地化農地において、住民により自給的に利用されている農地が、相当程度存在する可能性を明らかにした。こうした小規模区画は従来の都市近郊農地の保全に関する制度的枠組みの議論では十分に注目されてこなかったが、今後は、隣接土地利用に配慮した集団的農地の保全に加えて、小規模農地の管理継続に貢献する仕組みの検討が求められる。

This paper discusses the deterioration of indigenous irrigation system traditionally developed in the past to serve the peri-urban agricultural lands that have been affected by rapid urbanization in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The study is based on data collection from mapping, field survey and interview analyses and identifies current canal deteriorating conditions in four categories: filled, covered, narrowed and shallow, and normal. The findings reveal that different types of canal deteriorations are associated with their private ownership. A typology of land configurations of urban and non-urban land uses along private canals is pointed out in order to understand their relation with canal deterioration types. Caused by urbanization, the degradation of the existing canal networks has provoked conflicts between local farmers and new proprietors, especially real estate developers. Such canal deterioration essentially reduces their ability to convey a water supply to feed agricultural lands, consequently leading to the discontinuation of land use for agriculture and its eventual transformation into urban developments.

Satoyama, a traditional rural landscape of Japan, is considered to be a sustainable agricultural ecosystem managed by local farmers. However, the spread of urbanization and the increase in fossil fuel consumption have led the decline or the abandonment of the use of Satoyama, even though it has been highlighted recently for its ecological functions. General and site-specific information such as natural land conditions, long-term land-use changes, and their relationships are important in understanding Satoyama. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between topographic conditions and land-use changes in the periphery of Wakayama City, Japan. We produced three digital vector land-use maps for 1884, 1947, and 2002 by onscreen visual interpretation of scanned raster images of original paper topographic maps at a 1:25,000 scale. We used digital elevation data at a resolution of 5 m for landform modeling. We then conducted an overlay analysis among these four layers and quantified land-use changes as well as the relationship between land use and landform. In addition, we collected statistical data and historical documents on socioeconomic conditions in the study area, and conducted field interviews of local residents to verify driving forces of land-use change derived through above spatial analysis. Our results showed that orchards notably increased whereas rice fields had slightly decreased during the study period. Some conifer forests shifted to broadleaf forests between 1884 and 1947 and then back to the conifer forests between 1947 and 2002. The overlay analysis demonstrated that landforms performed as the basic environmental condition restricting possible land use throughout the period. However, our field survey results suggested that installation of new agricultural infrastructure, in this case a monorail for harvesting fruit products from orchards on steep slopes, also may have influenced landscape changes.

A typical landscape in each village in Okinawa is a house with red roof tiles, stone walls and <i>G. subelliptica</i> for prefeeting wind. <i>G. subelliptica</i> has been used not only for wind protect trees but as dyes and building materials since the 18 century. Since then, the government of the Ryukyu, the old name of Okinawa, encouraged the people to plant <i>G. subelliptica</i> in the villages. When a village was newly formed, <i>G. subelliptica</i> was extensively planted. Thus, it has been found that the relationship among six villages was clarified by studying the planting and spread of <i>G. subelliptica</i>. In this study, we verified whether a diameter of <i>G. subelliptica</i> had a close relation with the village formation. As a result, it was revealed that the investigation on <i>G. subelliptica</i> was effective in terms of the village formation, where the traditional landscape left in the old village.

Peri-urban agriculture has become an increasingly important policy concern, particularly in rapidly growing cities in emerging countries. An accurate understanding of changes in land use and their driving factors has important implications for assessing food security and policy making. We evaluated agricultural land use changes at the landscape scale in the Tianjin peri-urban area in China from 1993 to 2009 by using Landsat images. The main driving factors of the changes were investigated at the farm scale through a survey of local farmers. The image classification results showed an obvious loss of agricultural land since the early 1990s. Two other notable trends, which differ from results of previous studies of other peri-urban areas, were observed: (1) land had been converted from the production of traditional perishable foods to the production of staple foods, in this case, from vegetables and fruits to maize; and (2) there was a shift from staple production to fiber production, in this case, from rice and maize to cotton. The main driving factors of these changes were farmers adapting to insufficient amounts of labor and freshwater and to the use of treated wastewater for irrigation, rather than to market mechanisms or government policies, because growing perishable foods requires more labor and fiber production consumes less irrigation water. To improve food security and sustainably develop the region, agriculture must be integrated into a larger developmental plan.

Using the Huaming new town (HNT) project in Dong Li District, Tianjin, as a case study, this report aims to reveal actual field situation of new urban development parallel with remote village clearances under farmland protection policy in China. We first visited the project office of HNT and interviewed with project officers for issues on development process. We then visited one of the former villages and interviewed with a person in charge of redevelopment project in the site. We found that new town consisted of 300ha high-rise residential and 200ha industrial districts, which were equivalent in total to former villages with an area of 500ha. Most of the redevelopment sites were economically-profitable agricultural facilities such as the large-scale horticultural greenhouses. These redevelopments might be operational field responses which are different from original aim of farmland protection policy for national food security.

Since to generate lots of new public open spaces in already congested urbanized areas is quite difficult,it is strongly needed to utilize the existing privately owned open spaces in order to establish a sound urban environmental plan, especially in Asian mega-cities where rapid urbanization is being observed. In this study, GIS analysis and field survey were integrated to examine the distribution and the condition of privately owned open spaces in the suburban area of Metro Manila, Philippines, then, the influences of Home Owners Association was examined. First, the aerial photos taken in different periods were used to examine the change of privately owned open space in the subdivision development areas. Then, a series of field survey was implemented. Through the study, the following findings were obtained; although the ratio of privately owned public spaces has been decreasing, it was observed that the rate of decreasing has become gentle. The condition of open spaces varied lot to lot, the feature of open space was influenced by the characteristics of the area and its home owners association.

Change of nutrients load and flow according to land-use change induced by housing development was investigated in Bang Yai, Nonthaburi, Thailand, which located in the peri-urban area of Bangkok. Each house in the newly developed residential community was regulated to be equipped with a septic tank to collect night Soil. However, greywater and leachate from the septic tank was collected by a community sewage system and discharged into the canals with insufficient treatment, while the canals still function as infrastructure for irrigation and transportation. in the study area, built-up area became 1.4 times and agricultural fields decreased by 13% from 2003 until 2007. Total nutrients load to the canals was increased by 25% as nitrogen and 14% as phosphorus according to the increase of built-up area. Net nutrients load from agricultural fields was largely set off when we evaluated nutrients inflow from the canals to the agricultural field through irrigation. Consequently, nutrients load from domestic wastewater accounted most of net nutrients load into the canal.

廃棄物の増加による環境問題が世界的に深刻化している。とりわけ、アジアの開発途上国においては、社会基盤や法制度が未整備のまま都市圏への人口集中が進んだため、都市部での廃棄物が急増し、深刻な都市環境問題が発生している。そうした途上国都市圏における廃棄物は、成分組成において有機性廃棄物の割合が高いという特性がある。有機性廃棄物は、高い水分量を保ち、悪臭を放つなど、都市の生活環境に直接影響を及ぼす。さらには、過剰な水分を含み嵩が張るため、埋立処分場寿命の逓減・焼却場炉内温度の低下などをもたらし、全体的な廃棄物処理負荷を増大させる。廃棄物から有機性廃棄物を選択的に取り除くことができれば、最終処分量の減少だけではなく、収集・一時貯留や、再資源化可能物を分別する上でも大きな便益が得られる。本研究では、アジアの開発途上国のひとつであるフィリピンのマニラ首都圏において、有機性廃棄物利用を先進的に行っている事例を対象に、有機性廃棄物の処理実態を解明することを目的とする。

アジア大都市においては、経済成長にともなう人口の社会増加により、郊外に低密な住宅地域が拡大している。スプロール開発が進む地域では、社会基盤未整備のままの都市的土地利用の拡大、既存農地の荒廃、さらには都市農村間の社会的・空間的分断が生じやすい。こうした課題を解決するためには、周辺環境と調和的な住宅地整備を通じ、生活圏居住環境の改善をはかる必要がある。良好な居住環境を形成していくためには、住宅地内における"身近な緑"の永続的・長期的確保が重要である。本研究では、タイ王国・バンコク都の郊外住宅地域を対象として、緑地の整備状況を空間明示的に明らかにすることを試み、その存在根拠となる基幹法制度の内容と運用実態を把握することを目的とした。

タイ王国バンコク周縁部では都市拡大に伴い，農地転用による住宅地と農地の土地利用混在が生じている．本研究では，バンコク近郊に位置するノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，住宅地と農地が混在する地域における適切な廃棄物再利用と資源循環施策を検討するため，対象地区住民の生活形態別の廃棄物排出と処理に関し，現場実態調査を行った．<BR>具体的には，1:4000デジタル都市計画基本図を基図とし，空中写真判読および現地踏査結果も援用しながら，GIS上で対象地区の全家屋を，水田農家，園芸農家，新興住宅などに細分類した．その後，分類した家屋タイプ毎にサンプルを抽出，質問票を携行した世帯訪問調査を実施，廃棄物排出特性を把握するとともに，実際に排出された廃棄物を組成分類して一週間計量調査を行った．廃棄物フローに関しては，行政，民間関連セクターを訪問し聞き取り調査を進めるとともに，現地役所と交渉の上，公式ごみ収集車のGPSトラッキング調査を行った．<BR>その結果，対象地区の廃棄物フローは，行政，民間およびコミュニティによる自主的な廃棄物回収・処理が混在していたが，それらの統合管理は行われておらず，地区全体にサービスが行き届いていないことが明らかになった．また，廃棄物組成は生ごみと農業廃棄物などの有機系廃棄物が大きな割合を占めていた．GPS/GIS空間解析では，対象地域の全廃棄物発生量に対する実質回収率は，45.5-51.1%と推定された．

タイ王国バンコク周縁部では都市拡大に伴い，農地転用による住宅地と農地の土地利用混在が生じている．本研究では，バンコク近郊に位置するノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，住宅地と農地が混在する地域における適切な廃棄物再利用と資源循環施策を検討するため，対象地区住民の生活形態別の廃棄物排出と処理に関し，現場実態調査を行った．対象地区の廃棄物フローは，行政，民間およびコミュニティによる自主的な廃棄物回収･処理が混在していたが，それらの統合管理は行われておらず，地区全体にサービスが行き届いていないことが明らかになった．また，廃棄物組成は生ごみと農業廃棄物などの有機系廃棄物が大きな割合を占めていた．

Economic growth in China continues to nurture the urban expansion of large cities, causing the loss of an increasing amount of arable land. Cultivated land conservation in the urban fringe is important in mitigating the concomitant effects of urban growth on the environment. Due to strong State influence, possible policy differences between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei Province are expected to be reflected in the land-use pattern. In this study, we examined quantitative land-use change in the Beijing Tianjin region using Geographic Information Systems and a 1 km grid dataset of the 1980s, 1995 and 2000. The results show difference in terms of the urban and cultivated land-use change pattern between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities as well as between the suburbs and outer counties in the study area. Urban expansion seems linked to existing urban centers, whilst change in cultivated land appears to be subject to administrative boundaries as well as market forces, indicating large-scale State influence on the land-use pattern. However, the results suggest that most changes in cultivated land occur at a local scale. As separate administrative areas try to meet State demands, land resources may not be used as effectively as possible. This study suggests that planners should pay increased attention to landuse patterns and policy implementation at small scales in order to enable effective urban-rural planning.

This case study was conducted to better understand the present situation of urban greenery in Marikina City, in the suburbs of metropolitan Manila, a typical large Asian city. A vegetation survey was conducted in residential districts of Marikina City, and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees were analyzed. Lot size had some influence on the quantity of greenery in residential lots. In smaller lots, however, quantity did not increase in proportion to lot size. It appears, then, that the land-use controls for individual lots did not function effectively. Quantitative differences of greenery were related to qualitative differences, depending on the year or period of development of the residential area. In the newly developed residential lots, the greenery is comprised mostly of ornamental trees. Under the present circumstances, there is no assurance of sustaining the desired quantity of greenery in smaller residential lots. From these results, we proposed that regulations on lot size/coverage and promotion of tree planting involving local residents are needed to sustain urban greenery in residential districts.

The planting environment and the growing condition of street trees were surveyed to contribute to appropriate street tree establishment and management. The distribution and site condition in terms of road types and width and land use for dogwood street trees in the 23 wards of Tokyo prefecture were analyzed using GIS. Attributes of roads, sidewalks, planting layouts and background, and tree vigor were surveyed at the 49 selected sites. Dogwood street trees were mainly planted in residential, commercial and business areas. It was found however that they had different backgrounds and that in different growing conditions depended on the site condition. Especially, the number of sites where dogwood trees are planted drastically increased recently on national road and Tokyo metropolitan government roads mainly on the occasion of construction works on the roads. On ward roads, they were planted as improvement of sidewalks especially in commercial and mixed land use areas. Tree vigor showed differences for different site conditions. It was considered that the selection and management of street trees should be based on site condition.

Urban green spaces with a wide variety of functions to ameliorate the urban environment have been decreased and fragmented in the urban fringe areas of Southeast Asian cities. In order to elaborate practical and efficient plans to conserve urban green spaces, it is very important to understand changing process and spatial distribution of green spaces, and to monitor them continuously. From this viewpoint, we inspected green cover, land-use and landholding, and their correlations in the urban fringe of Bangkok using GIS. As a result, the following four facts are revealed. First, urbanization has been proceeding together with land fragmentation, and green cover is finally diminished after the construction of a new house on a subdivided vacant plot. Second, rural land-uses sustain high green cover, while urban land-uses have relatively low green cover with a several range depending on the type of housing. Third, rural land-use is tied to a canal, whereas urban land-use is linked with a road; besides these development patterns influence on the distribution of green spaces. Finally, the inaccessible landlocked plots with high green cover are observed a lot.

The conversion of agricultural land to other uses caused by rapid urbanization generates lots of serious problems. The aim of this paper was to analyze the general patterns of the changes in spatial structures in the urban fringe area of Metro Manila. Analysis was implemented using GIS data set and the result of field survey, then following findings were obtained. The indigenous pattern of land use was demolished by two types of development. And abandonment of agricultural land occurred during the process of developments.

アジア都市の多くはデルタに代表される低湿地に立地しており，農地および都市開発の双方に地形改変が必須である．人工地形改変の時空間変化を，土地利用と結びつけて検証していくことは，アジア都市縁辺部の土地利用計画を考える上で重要である．Hara et al. (2005) は，バンコク郊外の土地利用混在地域において，農地の多様化および住宅地の拡大にともなって発生する地形改変量を推定した．本報告では，その後の追加調査の結果もふまえ，土建材フローによって連関する階層的な地形改変構造を，量的質的に検討する．のべ半年程度の現地調査より，土建材フローの概要が明らかになってきた．ソースの掘削量は，砂材で5.5 × 10<SUP>7</SUP> m<SUP>3</SUP> year<SUP>-1</SUP>程度と概算された．一方，住宅開発地の埋立土量は，5.7 × 10<SUP>3</SUP> m<SUP>3</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> year<SUP>-1</SUP>前後と推定された．土建材フローは，地質およびアクセス性に影響され，ノードとリンケージから成る．土建材販路のコントロールと土地利用計画を結びつけることは，土地私権の強いアジア都市縁辺部の都市農村計画に有効かもしれない．

2013年11月4日に発生した台風30号「ヨランダ」がフィリピンのレイテ島の中心都市タクロバンに甚大な被害をもたらした。タクロバン地域は元来，都市化による非計画的な開発や所得格差・貧困問題の拡大が進んでいる。また温暖化の進行に伴い今後，台風や洪水，豪雨などの異常気象によりさらなる深刻な被害を受けると想定される。本研究ではタクロバン市域を事例に貧困住宅地域(スラム)や面開発住宅団地(サブディビジョン)などの宅地タイプ毎の詳細な被災の状況の確認や立地微地形との相互関係分析を行う。まずは災害前数時期および災害後の土地利用の変化を空中写真判読および現地インタビューにより把握する。そしてどのような微地形環境にサブディビジョンやスラムが形成され，それが災害強度とどのように関係しているのかを明らかにする。これらをふまえて今後の減災・防災計画をどのように検討すればよいか，地理情報および現場の住民意識・土地所有状況も含めて考察し将来の災害への備えの一助とする。2014年8月に現地調査を実施し，被災状況の確認，地理情報（紙媒体地図，CAD，ifSarデータ等）の収集，現地の方へのインタビューおよび被災時の被災者撮影携帯電話写真の収集を行った。その後入手した地理情報のジオリファレンスを行い，災害前後の土地利用の分析及び被害状況の検証を進めている。今回はタクロバンのスラム地区の分布と建造物の被災レベルの分析を行った。その結果，タクロバン市域でおよそ住宅28000棟とその他用途の構造物2000棟がポリゴンデータとして確認された。現地地図局の判読結果によれば，被災調査がなされた6761棟の住宅のうち39％が全壊（Totally Damaged），21%が半壊以上（Highly Damaged & Moderately Damaged），残りが一部損傷であった。建物被害は，図1に例示したように，海岸沿いに集中しているスラム地区および河川沿いの低湿地スラム地区において大きかった。現地でのインタビューによれば，大統領令(Presidential decree)により川沿いは3m以内，海沿いは40m以内に住居を構えてはならないNo build zoneであるにも関わらず，実際は多くのスコッターがスラムを形成している。また家屋が脆弱かつ海岸・河川沿いに居を構えていることにより，甚大な被害を受けている。

タイ王国バンコク周縁部では都市拡大に伴い，農地転用による住宅地と農地の土地利用混在が生じている．本研究では，バンコク近郊に位置するノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，住宅地と農地が混在する地域における適切な廃棄物再利用と資源循環施策を検討するため，対象地区住民の生活形態別の廃棄物排出と処理に関し，現場実態調査を行った．具体的には，1:4000デジタル都市計画基本図を基図とし，空中写真判読および現地踏査結果も援用しながら，GIS上で対象地区の全家屋を，水田農家，園芸農家，新興住宅などに細分類した．その後，分類した家屋タイプ毎にサンプルを抽出，質問票を携行した世帯訪問調査を実施，廃棄物排出特性を把握するとともに，実際に排出された廃棄物を組成分類して一週間計量調査を行った．廃棄物フローに関しては，行政，民間関連セクターを訪問し聞き取り調査を進めるとともに，現地役所と交渉の上，公式ごみ収集車のGPSトラッキング調査を行った．その結果，対象地区の廃棄物フローは，行政，民間およびコミュニティによる自主的な廃棄物回収・処理が混在していたが，それらの統合管理は行われておらず，地区全体にサービスが行き届いていないことが明らかになった．また，廃棄物組成は生ごみと農業廃棄物などの有機系廃棄物が大きな割合を占めていた．GPS/GIS空間解析では，対象地域の全廃棄物発生量に対する実質回収率は，45.5-51.1%と推定された．

東南アジア巨大都市では、農村部から都市部への人口流入により、市街地が急速に拡大した。このような市街化は、多様な環境保全機能を有する緑地を侵食する形で進行し、生活環境の悪化が懸念される。本研究では、フィリピン・メトロマニラの郊外部に位置するマリキナ市を対象に、都市的土地利用の拡大プロセスの把握と、緑地の量・質の現状解明を研究目的とした。空中写真判読から、数時期のマリキナ市の土地利用図および緑被分布図をデジタルデータで作成した。その後、既存の地形分類図も用い、GISソフトウェアにより都市化に伴う土地利用変化と地形との関連性、および緑地の変化を解析した。主な土地利用変化は、農地や空地から住宅地等都市的土地利用への変化であったが、農地から空地を経て住宅地へ変化するパターンの存在や、多くの空地の残存が特徴的である。地形との関係については、自然堤防上は初期段階から開発が進んでおり、その後は後背湿地や丘陵地に先んじて河岸段丘上で都市的土地利用が拡大していた。そして、開発に伴い、全土地利用で緑被率が減少していた。つまり、土地利用は当初地形条件に支配されていたが、都市化の過程で開発の容易な地形上でまず市街化が進み、その後全地形上で市街化が進展、現在では基本的に地形別の緑被率に有意な相関は見られなかった。マリキナ市街地の緑の現況解明のため、樹木調査を行った。調査項目は、各筆の土地利用、樹木名、樹高、胸高直径、調査区の開発時期（ヒアリングによる）である。敷地面積は、マリキナ市計画局で入手した地籍図をデジタル化してGISにより計測した。本樹木調査は、18調査区481区画で実施された。まず土地利用ごとに樹木の量的・質的特性の概要を分析した。樹木の量としてはバイオマス量を扱った。質としては、樹木の持つ機能に着目して、種を果樹・装飾樹・緑陰樹に分類し、本数の構成比を分析した。その後、住宅地に焦点を当て、敷地面積と樹木の量・質の関係について詳細な分析を行った。敷地面積の分布を考慮して、敷地を0-100m2、100-200m2、200-300m2、300-400m2、400m2以上の5つに分類し、各グループ間でバイオマスの差を比較した。また、樹木の質的側面を理解するため、果樹・装飾樹・緑陰樹それぞれのバイオマス量を上記のグループおよび樹高の階層別に評価した。土地利用別の分析の結果、バイオマス量を敷地面積で除し、密度に変換して比較すると、高いものから順に、公共空地、空地、道路、住宅地であった。樹種構成は、住宅地は果樹と装飾樹が大半を占め、空地は果樹がほぼ独占し、公共空地では果樹、装飾樹、緑陰樹がほぼ均等に出現し、道路では装飾樹と緑陰樹が優先するなどの傾向が見られた。次に、本研究で最も注目した住宅地について、敷地面積別にバイオマス密度の差を分析した結果、グループ間の差が有意であり（p＜0.01）、敷地面積が近接する2グループ間では、300-400m2と400m2以上のグループ間に有意差があり、400m2以上でバイオマスの密度が大きく増加することがわかった。しかし、400m2以下の敷地でもバイオマス密度がばらつくことや、空中写真判読より近年増加した住宅地の緑の少なさが示唆されたため、開発時期のバイオマスへの影響が考えられた。そこで、1955年の地形図およびヒアリングの結果から旧い住宅地を抽出し、各グループ内で住宅地を新・旧に分類して比較した結果、200-300m2のグループで旧い住宅地のバイオマス密度が新しい住宅地より有意に大きくなっていた（Mann-WhitneyのU検定：p＜0.05）。また、グループごとに、樹木の存在する1敷地あたりのバイオマス量を樹高の階層および樹木の機能別に評価した結果、本数の構成比と違いバイオマス量の大半は果樹に由来すること、装飾樹のバイオマス量は300m2以上の敷地では急増し、低層のみでなく高木層にも分布すること、また、9m以上の高木のバイオマス量が300m2以上の敷地で大きく増加することが分かった。さらに、緑の量に違いのあった200-300m2の新・旧の住宅地について同様の解析を行った結果、質的な面で、両者とも果樹のバイオマス量が圧倒的に多いものの、旧い住宅地では果樹・緑陰樹が出現し、新しい住宅地では果樹・装飾樹が出現するという違いがあることが分かった。

ドイツでは，放送電波の民間開放を契機にして，多数の放送局と番組制作会社が各地で設立された．この動きに対応して，ケルン市当局は，低利用地の都市内再開発を通じて，産業構造の転換を進めている．

本研究では, バンコク郊外部において土地利用変化を追跡してその要因を探るとともに, 緑地環境の良好な都市農村混在形態の提案を最終的な目的としている。最初にバンコク首都圏レベルの広域スケールで, 土地条件; 人口; 緑被率; 土地利用; 農地の質をとりあげ, それらをGIS上に構築し, 本研究対象地であるバンコク都北東部の特徴を明らかにした。その結果, 本研究対象地付近は, 現在まさに都市化が進行しており, 同時に農業の質も多様化している場として位置付けられた。次に, 1952年と1998年の空中写真を判読して, 対象地域の土地利用図を作製した。その結果, 対象地域の現在の都市的土地利用形態は, 農業インフラや交通インフラの整備過程を強く反映していることが明らかになった。

公園管理

四季の郷公園の魅力アップを目的に、より多くの来場者が四季の郷公園にある自然や生態系の魅力を知り、それらの保全活動及び利用方法を知ることができる場をつくっていきたい。そのため、現状活用されていない山資源の生態系調査につながるアドバイスをお願いしたい。

防災協力農地

自身の既発表論文を起点とした有識者としての取材対応

世界農業遺産

・高野山・有田川流域世界農業遺産推進協議会による農業遺産申請に係る助言・指導
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小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

本学に隣接する藤戸台小2年生を対象に、カブトムシ・クワガタムシを導入話題として、里山保全の意義について、座学と本学内雑木林現地演習を通じて伝えた。成果は学会公表するとともに、受験雑誌「螢雪時代」に掲載された。

講演講師等

講師,任期:2017年2月-2017年3月

講演講師等

講師

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

変容するアジアの大都市－都市化による景観変化は社会に何をもたらすか－

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ArcGIS操作に習熟し、地域計画立案を体感する

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読

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査読

国や地方自治体、他大学・研究機関等での委員

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国や地方自治体、他大学・研究機関等での委員

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