Faculty Profiles - HARA Yuji

Published Papers - HARA Yuji

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Estimating Mammal Appearance Patterns and a Wild Boar Density Using Multiple Motion Sensor Cameras in the Campus Site of Wakayama University, Central Japan

MASUDA Shogo, HARA Yuji, KIMOTO Yuki, SAMPEI Yuki

Papers on Environmental Information Science ( Center for Environmental Information Science ) ceis38 209 - 214 2024.12 [Refereed]

In this study, we used motion sensor cameras and monitored mammal appearance patterns in the Wakayama University campus area located foothill development site with remaining forest patches between January 2023 and January 2024. We also estimated wild boar population density using the REST model. A total of 1065 days of camera operation and 9433 effective shots were taken, confirming the presence of 11 mammal species. The most frequent species was wild boar as 72.59 times/100 days. The result of the density estimation was 50.8 animals/㎢. These results indicate that the remnant forest in the foothill development area, adjacent to the human living spaces, functions as a habitat for various mammals.

A calibration of the model for screening terraced paddies with higher conservation priorities using field cases of certified terraced paddy districts in Wakayama Prefecture in Japan

OBA Yuki, HARA Yuji, YAMAMOTO Yugo

Landscape Research Japan Online ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 16 5 - 16 2023.02 [Refereed]

In this study, we improved and further developed the existing GIS-based model for screening terraced rice lots in its conservation priority with focuses on three aspects; landscape value, agricultural efficiency and disaster prevention function. Then the model was applied to the Wakayama Prefecture area within the Kii Peninsula region in central Japan, in which has a clear north-south gradient in geological features. As the results, constructed model performed effectively in selecting rice lots with higher conservation priority within 10km spatial scale. Moreover, in the northern part of the prefecture, agricultural efficiency was an important aspect in the model, whereas landscape value and disaster prevention function were also detected in the middle and southern parts, respectively. Prefectural governmental officials in charge of terraced paddy conservation policies, who were interviewed, supported an applicability of this model in actual institutional fields because it was guaranteed by scientific approaches. Based upon these figures, we proposed that at prefectural spatial scale the model calibrated among three aspects depending on geologic and topographic conditions could be utilized for prioritizing terraced paddies without serious regional inequalities in institutional supports.

Mapping Uncounted Anthropogenic Fill Flows: Environmental Impact and Mitigation

Yuji Hara, Chizuko Hirai, Yuki Sampei （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Land 11 ( 11 ) 1959 2022.11 [Refereed] [Invited]

Fill material flows created by land development earthworks are anthropogenic agents that generate massive energy use from their heavy loads. However, formal quantification of these flows has been neglected. We use Osaka Prefecture in Japan as a case study to quantify fill flows and associated CO2 emissions. We collected data on fill flows, including fill generation and acceptance. We mapped these publicly uncounted fill flows and calculated the CO2 emissions from the associated energy use. We also simulated a scenario in which optimized shortest-distance matching is achieved between fill generators and acceptors. We estimated the current fill flows based on distance and weight and broke down the total by type of site and activity. We compared our estimates of current fill flows with estimates from our matching simulation and found the simulation could achieve an 8448 km reduction in flow length and a 5724 t-CO2 reduction in emissions associated with transportation. We discussed the implications of flexible matching, especially in different construction sectors, and the importance of continuous, spatially geo-referenced monitoring of these fill flows toward further environmental impact mitigation. The approach presented here could apply to assessing environmental loads arising from landform changes in other cities and lead to development of a new regional- and global-scale fill material science in the Anthropocene.

Plant Diversity in the Dynamic Mosaic Landscape of an Agricultural Heritage System: The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System

Yuji Hara, Shinji Oki, Yoshiyuki Uchiyama, Kyuichi Ito, Yuto Tani, Asako Naito, Yuki Sampei （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Land ( {MDPI} {AG} ) 10 ( 6 ) 559 - 559 2021.05 [Refereed]

The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System in central Japan is defined as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. This study examined relationships between parcel-level plant diversity and land use, management, and development in traditional sloped Ume (Japanese apricot; Prunus mume) orchards and adjoining level orchards recently developed through large-scale cut-fill land development. We constructed and overlaid past (1974) and present (2015) digital land-use maps to assess land use and topography. We conducted field vegetation surveys in land parcels with different development and management histories. Although 249 ha (4.6% of the total 2015 area) were developed using cut-fill methods, 5148 ha remain a traditional orchard surrounded by coppice forests. Vegetation surveys and a two-way indicator species analysis revealed that traditional orchards had more native species and a higher plant diversity index. Cut-fill orchards contained a higher proportion of alien species; however, the degree depended on parcel history and management. Overall, this area remains a dynamic mosaic landscape containing a core of long-standing Ume orchards. We suggest that biodiversity conservation in this area should focus on conservation measures such as indirect land-use regulations, including some acceptable landform transformations, to promote continued farming of this ecologically important area.

Digital Spatial Data Construction and Land Cover Change Analysis of Terraced Paddies using 1953 Large-scale Aerial Photographs in the Middle Part of Arida River Watershed

Tomoya OKANO, Yuji HARA （Part： Last author,　Corresponding author )

Journal of rural planning ( 農村計画学会 ) 38 ( 2 ) 128 - 135 2019.09 [Refereed]

In order to conserve terraced paddy landscapes in mountainous areas in Japan, strategic land-use zoning for terraced paddies, surrounding forests and villages is important. For this purpose, it is essential to understand spatial distribution of original terraced paddy parcels before intensive afforestation and mechanism of land-use changes. In this study, we interpreted large-scale 1953 aerial photographs and constructed vector parcel dataset, and conducted spatial analysis in consideration of landforms and the current land covers. As the results, we identified that many terraced paddy parcels in 1953 were very tiny lots with its sizes were less than 100m^2. It was suggested that terraced paddy parcels in nearby areas along the Arida River tended to be still cultivated until now, whereas those on the steep slope over 20 degree in upper river area are mostly abandoned. And our results also showed 40% of the parcels were planted with conifer trees and 40% could be changed into broadleaf forests as natural forest succession in this area. Our parcel dataset could contribute to develop a deeper understanding of the land use change process of terraced paddy field and its backgrounds, and to make a new conservation strategy with not only conceptual design but also numerical goals based on scientific evidence.

Assessing urban agriculture potential: a comparative study of Osaka, Japan and New York City, United States

Yuji Hara, Timon McPhearson, Yuki Sampei, Brian McGrath （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER JAPAN KK ) 13 ( 4 ) 937 - 952 2018.07 [Refereed]

In this study, we examined urban agricultural production potential in New York city (NYC) in the United States and Osaka in Japan in a comparative study not only due to their similarities in population and region size but also differences in historical geographies and urban formation processes. We utilized available high-resolution land-use-and land-cover data to map and empirically compare size, land use, and spatial patterns of sites of current urban agriculture as well as land areas with potential for expanding urban agriculture. By linking current vegetable production data, and potential future urban agriculture land with per capita vegetable consumption data, we were able to estimate the total potential population that could be supported by locally produced vegetables. Our results showed that by scaling up current vegetable production in existing NYC community gardens, potential agricultural productivity on other underutilized or vacant land was 0.26 kg/m(2)/year for NYC. For Osaka, existing rice and dry fields could produce in comparison 0.54 and 0.74 kg/m(2)/year, respectively. By combining potential urban and peri-urban vegetable production measures with estimated needed vegetable caloric intake per person per year, we show that the current vegetable production levels in Osaka can feed approximately 0.50 million people. However, if the region maximizes existing underused speculative dry fields, urban and peri-urban agriculture could feed approximately 3.4 million people per year. In NYC, current vegetable production in community gardens is estimated to feed only 1700 people per year. However, if NYC maximized all available urban vacant lots and other open spaces, potential vegetable production could provide food annually for 0.55 million people. We discuss how though both community gardens in NYC and remaining rice and dry fields in Osaka have been out of formal city planning with clear land-use definition in zoning, these agricultural practices have nonetheless emerged as important sources of local food production and nutrition on the one hand, and sites of social benefit on the other.

The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System: Linkage of Landscape Units by Locals

Yuji Hara, Yuki Sampei, Hirotaka Tanaka （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

SUSTAINABILITY ( MDPI ) 10 ( 4 ) 2018.04 [Refereed]

This paper focuses on the Minabe-Tanabe Ume system, which was designated as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in December of 2015. Because landholdings reflect historical social connections among various landscape units, we quantitatively examined the landscape characteristics of the system by preparing digitized spatial data and performing geographic information system analysis. We also examined the consensus building process among different stakeholders toward GIAHS recognition, as well as the emergent local spatial structure of the stakeholder network through interviews with key stakeholders and participatory monitoring. Our spatial analysis of the landscape generally supported the traditional knowledge of the area as a watershed-based mosaic of coppice forests on ridges, Ume orchards on sloped areas, and villages with rice paddies and dry fields in the plains. Our stakeholder network visualization identified several key persons as important nodes that could connect different types of land use now and may have done so in the past. Moreover, because our GIAHS site has compact agglomerations of watersheds with ranges within a similar to 30-min drive, most stakeholders, who turned out to have graduated from the same local school, are able to maximize their social capital to reorganize the remaining nodes among different land uses, thereby contributing to the formation of the land-use system and its further promotion through dynamic conservation measures.

Dynamic wetland mosaic environments and Asian openbill habitat creation in peri-urban Bangkok

Yuji Hara, Keita Yamaji, Shigehiro Yokota, Danai Thaitakoo, Yuki Sampei （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

URBAN ECOSYSTEMS ( SPRINGER ) 21 ( 2 ) 305 - 322 2018.04 [Refereed]

This study examined the spatial relationships between various types of wetland and the distribution of Asian openbills (Anastomus oscitans) as an indicator species in a peri-urban industrial area of Bangkok. We (1) mapped the study area by using a time series of aerial photographs combined with field validations, (2) conducted a 2-year line census of Asian openbills in the field, (3) interviewed local farmers and residents about Asian openbill populations and spatial distributions, and (4) conducted an overlay analysis to statistically identify land-use factors related to spatiotemporal changes in the Asian openbill population and distribution. We found that the number of ponds increased from 1980 to 1999 and then decreased from 1999 to 2010, but the remaining ponds were relatively temporally stable in their numbers and volumes. Paddy fields were primarily replaced by aquaculture ponds, and excavated soil was used as fill in adjoining built-up areas. The number of coconut, banana, mango and other trees planted around the ponds increased during the period, providing Asian openbill habitat. The openbills fed in the remaining paddy fields, and the simultaneous existence of various rice cultivation stages in the area provided a stable year-round source of food. Overall, the results indicated that this expanding urban-rural mosaic landscape could include further spatial distribution of Asian openbills in the future. This study of Asian openbills reveals just one example of the ecosystem services provided by developments creating pond-fill landscapes, and the methods used may be applicable in other similar continental delta regions.

Post-disaster recovery linked with pre-disaster land development and damage density of Typhoon Yolanda: Toward better land-use planning in Tacloban City, the Philippines

HARA Yuji, OHSUGI Tasuku, TSUCHIYA Kazuaki, MURAKAMI Akinobu, PALIJON Armando M. （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Journal of Environmental Information Science ( Center for Environmental Information Science ) 2017 ( 2 ) 1 - 12 2018.03 [Refereed]

Coastal cities in Asia face increasing risks of extreme climate events and urgently need to develop risk-reduction plans to mitigate the harmful socioeconomic consequences of such events. In this study, we undertook geographical analyses and conducted interviews with stakeholders in the Tacloban City area, the Philippines, to investigate the relationships among building types, storm-surge inundation and post-disaster recovery after 2013 Typhoon Yolanda. Squatter settlements in low-lying urban and coastal areas were destroyed by the typhoon, but were rapidly rebuilt by squatters using debris from the typhoon. Government programs relocated some of the affected squatter populations to new socialized housing developments on safe higher ground that were some distance from the squatters' former urban and coastal livelihoods, thus causing reluctance to relocation. Our GIS analysis of available geo-spatial data, coupled with extensive stakeholder interviews, showed that there were enough vacant lots within pre-existing housing subdivisions to house more than 7000 squatters and provide them with plots for urban vegetable farming that would provide their livelihood. Interviews with stakeholders suggested that this approach would not encounter excessive resistance. Thus, our study demonstrated that comprehensive GIS analyses and stakeholder involvement can contribute to effective land-use planning for community resilience.

Relationship between home range of the Japanese Pond Turtle, Mauremys japonica, and agro-ecosystem in rural landscape of Kainan City, Wakayama Prefecture, central Japan

Yuji HARA, Tasuku OHSUGI, Kensuke YOKOO, Yuya ODA, Dai FUKUI, Toshiaki TAKENAKA, Satoru ARIMOTO （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

The Nanki seibutsu 57 ( 2 ) 97 - 106 2015.12

Linking food and land systems for sustainable peri-urban agriculture in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Yuji Hara, Danai Thaitakoo

LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING ( ELSEVIER ) 143 192 - 204 2015.11 [Refereed]

We applied a geographic approach to the analysis of current food-related behaviors in pen-urban Bangkok, Thailand, to better understand potential for building a local food system for sustainable peri-urban agriculture during a period of rapid urbanization. We addressed three main working questions: (I) Do traditional wet markets keep functioning as an important hub for vegetable and fruit food systems under the influence of modern supermarkets? (2) How "local" are the current food-related behaviors of multiple actors? (3) How do the distributions of food-related actors and their environments change in this period of rapid urbanization in pen-urban areas? We combined field based interviews of multiple actors, including farming and non-farming households, wet market retailers, and food shop owners with a GIS analysis of food-related activities and land use changes. We found that the traditional food system played an important role as both a food source for households and a selling destination for farmers. Wet market, a hub in traditional food system, spread across pen-urban areas and kept increasing under urbanization. There was, however, little connection between farmers and nearby wet markets in the same district and it constricted positive feedbacks between producers and consumers in pen-urban areas. Promoting communication between farmers and nearby retailers will contribute to better governance of a local food system and subsequent long-term conservation of pen-urban farmlands. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licensesiby-nc-nd/4.0/).

Agricultural Landscape Changes and its Resilience in Response to the 2011 Serious Floods in the Urban Fringe of Bangkok

HARA Yuji, YUKIMATSU Hironobu, THAITAKOO Danai, TSUCHIYA Kazuaki （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION ( THE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL PLANNING ) 33 ( Special Issue ) 191 - 196 2014.11 [Refereed]

Using Bangmaenang District in the urban fringe of Bangkok Metropolitan Region in Thailand as a case study area, this study aims at examining agricultural land-use changes after the 2011 Floods with special focus on farmers' intentions of orchard use and management. Supervised image classifications were conducted for two GeoEye-1 images (before and after the floods) in order to identify agricultural land-cover changes by the floods. In field survey, selected sample farm parcels were monitored using GPS digital camera, and farmers were interviewed about their adaptation to the floods and intentions of farmland uses along with time after the floods. The results of satellite image analysis and sample farmland monitoring showed that orchards got more serious flood damage than other farmlands including paddy fields, vegetable fields and flower farms. Orchard farmers tended to avoid replanting fruit trees because of higher initial costs and a fear of future flooding.

The impact of historical geography and agricultural land development processes on wetland restoration methods used to create ecological networks: A comparison of Japan and the Netherlands

Hara, Y, Hooimeijer, F, Nijhuis, S, Ryu, M, van Timmeren, A （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 10 127 - 138 2014.10 [Refereed]

In the Osaka area in the 1880s, rice was grown mostly in dry fields in upland areas, and a few paddy fields were situated on the natural wet landforms along the major rivers and streams on the Osaka Plain. As the area developed, dry fields became irrigated, and the lowland fields were filled and converted to urban land uses. For the Osaka city region, developed in this historical context, an ecological network has been proposed by the national government in 2006. The proposal was partially influenced by ecological network planning in the Netherlands, and it focuses on spatial patterns and wetland restoration measures at a limited number of sites. However, its historical geography is not taken into consideration. Therefore we examined historical land-use changes in the Osaka area and then compared restoration projects in both countries. On the one hand, we found some similarities in wetland restoration processes and measures at unused industrial sites in reclaimed coastal areas in Japan (the Osaka Nankou Bird Sanctuary) and the Netherlands (the Oostvaardersplassen). There are, on the other hand, notable differences in appropriate wetland restoration measures in farmland areas. Some potential wetland restoration candidates in Japan require either winter flooding or the resumption of labor-intensive agricultural practices in abandoned paddy fields, because many of these sites were naturally dry before the introduction of irrigation. In the Netherlands (e.g., at Tiengemeten), however, this was not a problem because areas are being converted from drained fields to natural wetlands. To conclude, regional considerations are therefore important when ecological networks are planned, and the perspective of historical geography is essential when networks are planned with wetland restoration as a core element.

Quantitative assessment of the Japanese "local production for local consumption" movement: a case study of growth of vegetables in the Osaka city region

Yuji Hara, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Hirotaka Matsuda, Yugo Yamamoto, Yuki Sampei （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER JAPAN KK ) 8 ( 4 ) 515 - 527 2013.10 [Refereed]

This study aimed to assess Japan's recent "local production for local consumption" (LPLC) movement, with a special focus on vegetables in the Osaka city region of central Japan. After collecting statistics and spatial data, we conducted a multi-scale analysis of vegetable production and consumption along with the associated energy consumption, using geographical information system software at three spatial scales along the vegetable flow paths: national, regional, and local. Vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region came from prefectures throughout Japan, and we mapped the foodshed within this region at 1-km spatial resolution, as well as the distribution of farmland, farmers' and other markets. We also conducted a scenario analysis for reduced energy consumption through organic farming and the utilization of abandoned farmland near a city to replace food imports from distant areas. We found that the large majority of vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region currently come from remote prefectures, and that this is associated with a high level of energy consumption. Inside the Osaka city region, peri-urban vegetable farming contributes to regional vegetable provision, resulting in an approximately 70 % production/consumption ratio within an 80-km radius of the urban center; if all of the area of abandoned farmland were restored to production, this ratio would increase to approximately 75 %. Organic farming activities that bring together farmers and urbanites are emerging in many parts of the study area, contributing to increased LPLC. Scenario analysis suggested that a decrease of more than 1 x 10(6) GJ of energy inputs could be achieved through wider adoption of local organic farming for local consumption and complete utilization of abandoned farmland in the Osaka city region.

A quantitative assessment of vegetable farming on vacant lots in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila: Can it sustain long-term local vegetable demand?

Yuji Hara, Akinobu Murakami, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Armando M. Palijon, Makoto Yokohari （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

APPLIED GEOGRAPHY ( ELSEVIER SCI LTD ) 41 195 - 206 2013.07 [Refereed]

The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess vegetable production and consumption in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We conducted field investigations into vegetable production at a farm within a subdivision, monitored customers for 1 week at the farm's vegetable stand, interviewed customers of the stand, and conducted household monitoring and interviews to identify purchasing behavior. We also conducted an object-based WorldView-2 image analysis of a larger area to identify current and potential future vegetable farming plots and a spatial analysis using GIS to visualize the vegetable production/consumption ratio. We found that about one-third of current vegetable demand could be supplied by greater promotion of vegetable farming in vacant lots and by setting up more vegetable stands at spatial intervals less than 1-km. Subdivision regulations also influenced vegetable farming because of the level of social acceptance of caretakers of vacant lots. The current planning and institutional framework does not consider social contexts in land use and planning. We suggested that a new framework is necessary; it should consider balancing the formation of social capital and formalize planning and institutional procedures to support sustainable local vegetable production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flood damage in the eastern fringe of Metro Manila by 2009 tropical storm Ondoy : In comparison with the results of 2001 field survey

HARA Yuji （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION ( THE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL PLANNING ) 30 ( Special Issue ) 207 - 212 2011.11 [Refereed]

This study aims at examining flood damage in the eastern fringe of Metro Manila by 2009 tropical storm Ondoy in comparison with the previous study for the 1989 flood in the same area. Data on distribution of flood depth were obtained from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority and overlaid with the landform classification map using GIS in order to understand landform-flood relationships for the whole study area. Then the two sample sites for detailed field investigation were selected and field interviews with local people were conducted for verifying field situations of flooding. As the results, it was revealed that 100-year return period heavy rainfall by Ondoy was causing higher floodwater level at the meandering point along the Marikina River accelerated by the recent completion of the several bridges, and the subdivision situated on a former river course was got serious flood damage due to the dyke break. In contrast, a lacustrine plain was not seriously submerged as reported by the previous study due to the completion of the lakeshore dyke and drainage pumping stations; however, the lakeside subdivision built in an informal planning process was inevitably submerged.

Current organic waste recycling and the potential for local recycling through urban agriculture in Metro Manila

Yuji Hara, Takashi Furutani, Akinobu Murakami, Armando M. Palijon, Makoto Yokohari （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH ( SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD ) 29 ( 11 ) 1213 - 1221 2011.11 [Refereed]

Using the solid waste management programmes of three barangays (the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines) in Quezon City, Metro Manila, as a case study, this research aimed to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems through the promotion of urban agricultural activities on green and vacant spaces. First, the quantity of organic waste and compost produced through ongoing barangay projects was measured. The amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within the barangays was then identified to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. The results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighbouring farm villages. However, the present analysis of potential compost use within the barangay demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

Mixed land-use planning on the periphery of large Asian cities: the case of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Yuji Hara, Ai Hiramatsu, Ryo Honda, Makiko Sekiyama, Hirotaka Matsuda （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER TOKYO ) 5 ( 2 ) 237 - 248 2010.07 [Refereed]

Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban-rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban-rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban-rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach.

Land-use Change and its Factors in the Suburban 4 Counties of Tianjin City, China

HARA Yuji, GONDHALEKAR Daphne, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 73 ( 5 ) 747 - 750 2010.03 [Refereed]

In China, built-up areas are expanding rapidly into suburban agricultural fields due to recent economic growth. To understand land-use changes and its factors, we carried out a case study in the suburban four counties of Tianjin City. We examined land-use changes between 1995 and 2002 through digital map preparation and GIS analysis, and verified these changes in the field by interviews. We found that urban land uses and factories have been expanding into the peripheral dry and rice fields, which were basically approved by the local government. Agricultural land diversification was also observed in the two different forms that were large-scale export-oriented farmlands and small-scale patches to supply vegetables and fishes for the local market.

Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an urban-rural fringe area in Thailand

Ai Hiramatsu, Yuji Hara, Makiko Sekiyama, Ryo Honda, Chart Chiemchaisri

WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH ( SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD ) 27 ( 10 ) 951 - 960 2009.12 [Refereed]

In the urban-rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5-51.1% of total generation.

Landfill development in the urban fringe of Metro Manila

Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Armando M. Palijon, Akinobu Murakami （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

GeoJournal 71 ( 2-3 ) 127 - 141 2008.05 [Refereed]

In low-lying areas of urban and suburban regions in Asia, the use of landfill has allowed urban land use to encroach onto watery landforms, such as back marshes, which were formerly used as rice fields. To improve understanding of the associations between land-use patterns and landfill development, we carried out a case study in the urban fringe of Metro Manila in the Philippines. We examined landfill volume derived from land-use change using GIS, and field surveyed qualitative aspects of the landfill used. We calculated the rate of application of landfill in low-lying housing development areas to be 5.0 × 10^3 m3 km-2 year-1, most of which consisted of offsite disposal of construction waste or crushed rock produced by urban development and renewal on the adjoining uplands. The flow of fill material from offsite sources to onsite landfill development areas was on the basis of individual agreements between suppliers and developers.

Landform transformation on the urban fringe of Bangkok: The need to review land-use planning processes with consideration of the flow of fill materials to developing areas

Yuji Hara, Danai Thaitakoo, Kazuhiko Takeuchi （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING ( ELSEVIER ) 84 ( 1 ) 74 - 91 2008.01 [Refereed]

For large Asian cities situated on deltaic lowlands, landform transformation is essential for both agrarian and urban development. Understanding landform transformation processes and patterns is important for landscape planning in areas of mixed urban-rural land use on the periphery of these cities. We examined landform transformation processes and patterns in Bangkok at three scales: (1) meso-scale quantitative landform analysis on the urban fringe of Bangkok using aerial photograph interpretation and topographic measurements; (2) micro-scale field measurements in sample districts to investigate relationships between building styles and the types of fill material used; (3) macro-scale analysis of the flow of fill material from source areas outside Bangkok to end use on the urban-rural fringe of the city. Our study showed that the type and the cumulative volume of fill material used are related to past agricultural land-use patterns, which in turn are related to the pre-existing natural local environment. We found associations between building styles and types of fill material used: townhouses are built on clay fill foundations, whereas condominiums and roads with heavy traffic loads are built on sand fill. Each type of fill has a different flow from source to end use that is influenced by geologic and economic conditions. The flow of clay fill is limited to the meso-scale urban fringe area, whereas sand fill travels from sand pits on a natural sand levee 100 km upstream from its end use on the urban fringe. The sand output at its source was estimated to be 1.5 x 10(5) m(3) day(-1), which, depending on cost, is either trucked or transported by river to the urban fringe development areas. Thus, landform transformation was found to occur at multiple scales in the Bangkok region, and the delta is no longer flat. These findings suggest that deltaic landscape planning should incorporate the means of managing the flow of fill material from source pits to end use in urban fringe development areas.

Recycling-oriented Society and Urban-rural Sustainability in Asian Mega-cities

TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko, HARA Yuji

JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION ( THE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL PLANNING ) 25 ( 3 ) 201 - 205 2006.09

Urban-rural land-use mixture is a common phenomenon in the fringe areas of Asian large cities. Although the current spatial planning system in various cities attempts to separate urban from rural land uses, the land-use mixture is expected to have advantages in many phases, particularly in bio-resource utilization. Referring to the cases of Japan, Thailand and China, we discuss the hierarchical structure of biomass flows and urban-rural land uses. We suggest that the Asian land-use mixture has high potential for bio-resource utilization, thereby contributing to urban-rural sustainability in Asian cities.

Urbanization linked with past agricultural landuse patterns in the urban fringe of a deltaic Asian mega-city: A case study in Bangkok

Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Satoru Okubo （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Landscape and Urban Planning 73 ( 1 ) 16 - 28 2005.08 [Refereed]

Urban sprawl areas as mixtures of urban and rural landuses are being created increasingly rapidly in the suburbs of the mega-cities located on Asia's river deltas. These landuse changes are causing serious environmental problems and dynamic urban growth controls are urgently needed. We examined landuse changes in the suburbs of Bangkok, and focused on the landform transformation that is inherent on deltas where the landuse is shifting from paddy fields to urban dwellings. The research was conducted through aerial photograph interpretation and field measurements. GIS was used for data analysis. We confirm that the present pattern of urban landuse has been profoundly influenced by past agricultural landuses, which in turn were adapted to the natural local environment. Areas subject to rice plantations with linear canal systems are occupied by townhouses, whereas areas subject to paddy fields with irregular canal systems are occupied by slum-type housing. Transect surveys indicate that the local people have responded to flooding expertly through artificial landform transformation. There was a statistical association between landlevel and landuse type. The volume of landform transformation that has occurred over the last half-century was calculated at 3.2 × 10^7 m3, equivalent to 64 km2 of area flooded to an average depth of 50 cm. Thus, landuse change has both horizontal and vertical components, which cannot be separated from each other. From these results, it is clear that past patterns of agricultural landuse and landform transformation are keys to effective landscape planning for mega-cities on the deltas of Asia.

Flood hazard response to the urbanized bank up areas of Laguna Lacustrine Plain, Metro-Manila.

HARA Yuji, HARUYAMA Shigeko, OKUBO Satoru, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION ( THE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL PLANNING ) 21 ( suppl ) 19 - 24 2002.11 [Refereed]

Observation of mammal appearance patterns using multiple motion sensor cameras in the campus site of Wakayama University

木本, 有紀, 原, 祐二, 三瓶, 由紀（Part： Corresponding author )

南紀生物 ( 南紀生物同好会 ) 66 ( 1 ) 72 - 77 2024.06 [Refereed]

Detections of landform changes by SfM/MVS using various types of aerial images : toward establishing process toolkits

原祐二, 登城太智（Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

紀州経済史文化史研究所紀要 ( 和歌山大学紀州経済史文化史研究所 ) 44 21 - 42 2023.12 [Refereed]

Recent rapid growth of SfM/MVS technology allows researchers without deeper skills of photogrammetry to detect landform changes at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Here we report our recent projects quantifying landform changes using downloadable aerial photos and self-acquired drone images with special focus on its practical processes. Our trials were able to detect landform changes with reliable accuracies to use for ordinary academic classes and landscape level research. This practical report could contribute to future research in other study areas and academic fields.

Development of sustainable ecosystem monitoring in Mo-Ko satoyama valley in Wakayama, central Japan

原祐二（Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Reports of research assisted by the Asahi Glass Foundation ( 旭硝子財団 ) 91 ( 77 ) 1 - 10 2022

保全優先度の高い棚田を選定するモデルの構築と事例分析

大場悠暉, 山本祐吾, 吉田登, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀

紀州経済史文化史研究所紀要 42 51 - 66 2021.12 [Refereed]

Distribution of grasshoppers in the suburban shopping mall : an example for developing an indicator toward green space planning

Yuji Hara, Kansei Harada, Yuki Sampei （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

南紀生物 63 ( 1 ) 101 - 106 2021.06

「敷地外緑地制度」を活用した地域環境整備を考える

三瓶由紀, 原祐二（Part： Last author )

グリーン・エージ ( 563 ) 2020.12 [Invited]

Relationship between the tree vigor of dogwood (<i>Cornus florida</i>) street trees and street configuration in Tokyo

YAMADA Daiki, UCHIDA Kei, TSUCHIYA Kazuaki, ICHIKAWA Kaoru, HARA Yuji, HENRY Brian P., OKURO Toshiya

Landscape Research Japan Online ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 13 ( 0 ) 94 - 99 2020 [Refereed]

Street trees, which play a certain role in alleviating problems in urban areas, are experiencing the poor growth due to the stress in the urban environment. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the environmental factors that affect the growth of street trees. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the degree of decline and street configuration among 2,615 dogwoods planted along the streets in Tokyo. As a result of our analysis, in the area where the buildings were tall, the tree vigor tends to be poor and in the area where the planting type was planting zone rather than planting pot, the tree vigor was tend to be good, in whole Tokyo area. Outside Tokyo 23 wards, there was a tendency for good tree vigor in the area where the road width was wide and the street trees were facing south. In Tokyo 23 wards where tree vigor has deteriorated since 2006, the buildings were tall and the roads width was also narrow. The results of this study show the possibility the effects of sunshine on the dogwood tree vigor are large in the wide areas. In particular, the height of the buildings and road width were regarded as significant factors where the tree vigor was actually degraded.

人と土がつなぐ防災ランドスケープ

原祐二, 平田隆行（Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

E-journal GEO ( 公益社団法人日本地理学会 ) 14 ( 1 ) 99 - 104 2019.03 [Invited]

Land-Use Changes in the Landlocked Sandbar

Shigeya SHIIKI, Yuji HARA, Yuki SAMPEI （Part： Corresponding author )

Bulletin of Institute of Kishu Economic and Cultural History Wakayama University ( 和歌山大学地域活性化総合センター紀州経済史文化史研究所 ) 39 1 - 16 2018.12 [Refereed]

Field Realities of Urban-Rural Interaction Studies in Asian Mega Cities since 2000s

Yuji HARA （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Journal of Rural Planning Association ( 農村計画学会 ) 37 ( 2 ) 122 - 125 2018.09 [Invited]

The possibility of the policy instruments for Satoyama landscapes conservation

Yuki SAMPEI, Yoshiko KITAGAWA, Yuji HARA （Part： Last author )

The Nanki seibutsu 60 ( 1 ) 126 - 132 2018.06

MAXIMIZING ORDINARY LOCATION ENVIRONMENT AND ECOSYSTEM OF SUBURBAN UNIVERSITY WITH CUT-FILL LAND DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN FOR DISASTER PREVENTION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION : A CASE IN WAKAYAMA UNIVRSIT

Yuji HARA, Hiroto TANOUCHI （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Research reports of the Center for Education and Research of Disaster Science, Wakayama University ( 和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター ) 2 50 - 54 2018.03

1980年代バブル経済による中心市街地の地価高騰に対応して，多くの大学キャンパスが郊外丘陵・山地に移転した．新キャンパスは切り盛り地形改変を伴う土地造成により建設された．誘発された周辺宅地開発とあわせ，従前の地域生態系を劣化させた．その後の景気低迷により開発圧が低下する中，郊外キャンパスは里山管理の担い手供給源としての価値も認められる．本報告では，和歌山市郊外の和泉山脈山麓に立地する和歌山大学栄谷キャンパスにおいて，和歌山大学システム工学部学生を主な対象に，キャンパスの立地環境を活用した防災・生態系実習の取り組み内容と経緯を紹介する．GISを活用した新旧地形図比較による土地造成の定量化，UAV(ドローン)を用いた地形変化量の計測，植生調査による環境負荷の計量を通じ，地域生態系を防災・環境の観点から評価するものである．これらの実習成果を時系列で蓄積していくことで，地域生態系モニタリング研究の一助ともなることが期待される．

Minabe-Tanabe Ume System: Its Landscape Characteristics and Dynamic Conservation Measures

Yuji HARA, Yuki SAMPEI （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 81 ( 3 ) 282 - 283 2017.10 [Invited]

Distribution of Luciola cruciata in Wakayama City

Daisuke SENGA, Atsushi NAKASHIMA, Tomoko MIYAGAWA, Yuji HARA （Part： Last author )

The Nanki seibutsu 59 ( 1 ) 22 - 26 2017.06

UNDERSTANDING OF LAND-USE CHANGES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF RESILIENT SOCIETY AGAINST TYPHOON YOLANDA AND FUTURE NATURAL DISASTERS IN TACLOBAN CITY

Tasuku OHSUGI, Yuji HARA, Kazuaki TSUCHIYA, Akinobu MURAKAMI, Armando PALIJON （Part： Corresponding author )

Research reports of the Center for Education and Research of Disaster Science, Wakayama University ( 和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター ) 1 ( 1 ) 45 - 52 2017.03

本研究では2013年台風ヨランダによって壊滅的な被害を受けたフィリピンレイテ島タクロバン市を事例として，地理情報収集と現地調査により，被災強度と地形，土地利用変化との関係を検証し，現地性の高いレジリエントな防災土地利用計画のあり方を検討した．結果として，低湿地にはスラムが拡大し必然的に大きな被害を受けたものの，被災直後から迅速に瓦礫を再利用してスラムを再構築しており，低湿地にマングローブ防潮林を再植林する防災計画は非現実的と考えられた．フィリピンの主要な住宅供給形態であるサブディビジョンは多様な微地形に立地しており，やはり低湿地で被害が大きかったものの，最低限のインフラは整備されており，地区内には多くの空地も分布していた．スラムの遠隔地高台移転計画は，生業・職住近接の面から円滑に進むとは考えにくく，サブディビジョン内の空地など既存インフラの活用と社会制度の改善を進めることも，将来のレジリエントな土地利用の実現にも資すると考えられた．

"Rural areas" and "urban areas" on the basis of narratives by U/I-Turn dwellers

HANZAWA Seiji, HARA Yuji, SAMPEI Yuki

Bulletin of Institute of Sociology and Social Work, Meiji Gakuin University ( 明治学院大学社会学部付属研究所 ) ( 47 ) 29 - 73 2017.02 [Invited]

Biowaste Reuse Through Composting: The Response of Barangay Holy Spirit in Quezon City, Philippines, to Solid-Waste Management

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017

Establishing A Sustainable Community Through Urban and Rural Fusion

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017

Feeding Urban Regions: Estimating the Energy Consumption of Domestic Vegetable Supplies for Osaka, Japan

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017

Characteristics of Agricultural Conservation Easement in watershed protection program of New York City

SAMPEI Yuki, HARA Yuji, MARCOTULLIO Peter J.

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 80 ( 5 ) 701 - 706 2017 [Refereed]

New York City has been implementing the watershed protection program based on the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services for over 20 years. In this program, the Agricultural Conservation Easement (ACE) is used to designate farmland that provides a secure sustainable supply of ecosystem services. Clarifying the advantages and disadvantages of ACE will help give us valuable insight into its applicability as a Japanese conservation tools. We conducted a study that outlines ACE process, clarifying the characteristics of ACE as the system for sustainable stewardship and as the conservation tool tied to the development in urban centers. The results suggest that conservation system for sustainable supply of Ecosystem Services from farmland has several requirements: 1) a farmland appraisal system that takes into account the farming plan of the individual parcel, 2) technical support for farming viability in addition to easement payments, 3) a strategy based upon the purchase of continuous small farmlands is also important in order to enhance the sustainability of Ecosystem Services in the region as a whole.

Minabe-Tanabe Ume System:Its landscape Characteristics and the Actual Application Process to GIAHS

HARA Yuji, SAMPEI Yuki （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION ( THE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL PLANNING ) 35 ( 3 ) 379 - 382 2016.12 [Invited]

「みなべ・田辺の梅システム」は，平成27年12月15日に，FAO本部で開催された「GIAHS運営・科学合同委員会」において，世界農業遺産に認定された。まず，認定をいただいたこのみなべ・田辺の梅システムとは何なのか。元来稲作に不向きな礫質の斜面に梅を植栽し，地表では草生栽培を行うことで土壌流出を防ぎ有機物の循環もはかる。梅林の上の尾根部にはウバメガシなどから成る薪炭林を残して育成し，高付加価値の紀州備長炭を持続的に生産するとともに，斜面崩壊を防ぐ水源涵養林としての機能も持たせる。梅林と薪炭林にはポリネーターとしてニホンミツバチが生息し，梅林との共生関係を築き上げる。そして梅林下にはため池を配し，下流部の水田や多様な野菜等を生産する畑地を潤す。そして集落に住む人々は，品種改良や農法改善，森林資源管理の努力を惜しまず，400年にわたってこのシステムを持続的に維持してきた。米本位だった時代には，とりわけ条件不利地域であったといえるこの現場で，現在に至るまで農業生産を継続してきたことは，土地荒廃が進行するアジアやその他各地で持続可能な土地利用を実現する上でのモデルとなり得るであろう。

Transformation of Irrigated Agricultural Landscapes along with Urbanization and its Impact to Distribution of Frog Species in Sakai City, Central Japan

TANI Masatoshi, HARA Yuji, SAMPEI Yuki （Part： Corresponding author )

Papers on Environmental Information Science ( Center for Environmental Information Science ) 30 237 - 242 2016.11 [Refereed]

In this study, we investigated urbanization process and sequential transformation of farmland and irrigation channel management in Sakai City, central Japan, by constructing digital historic canal and farmland maps. Local historic archives and literatures were also used to support this analysis. In addition, we investigated anurans distribution in this area to reinforce our understanding of the urbanization effects into local ecosystem. As the results, we found that, although urbanization had brought canal network and farmland fragmentations, canal management organizations were able to get some merits including stable irrigation water use and considerable donations from urban side. Our anurans investigation showed that adaptation of anurans into urbanization with the expansion of dry rice fields and canal pavements highly depended on species.

Changes of the diversity of dragonfly in the 1998–2015 in Mohko–Fudodani, Kainan City, Wakayama Prefecture, central Japan

Satoru ARIMOTO, Sakiko ANDO, Aoi KAMEI, Taro NOMURA, Yuji HARA, Atsushi NAKASHIMA

The Nanki seibutsu 58 ( 1 ) 56 - 62 2016.06

Residents' awareness of own/neighborhood greeneries and intention on keeping ownership of their own greeneries in the suburban residential district

SAMPEI Yuki, TAKENAKA Azusa, TERANISHI Ayano, HARA Yuji （Part： Last author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 79 ( 5 ) 653 - 658 2016.03 [Refereed]

In this study, we investigated the lot owners' awareness of their own and neighborhood greeneries, and examined factors influencing their awareness including personal attributions and life histories as well as surrounding physical urban green environment. We also associated these awareness with potential of continuous maintenance of these greeneries. We selected suburban residential district with considerable greeneries in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, central Japan as case study area, and carried out questionnaire survey to the residents. We also geographically verified distribution of the greeneries, and examined relationships between the above points. As the results, we found that many residents considered their own greeneries as important elements not only for themselves but also for their neighborhoods. However, the residents whose land parcels were less than approximately 200m2 put less value to their greeneries for the neighborhood. We also identified that there were no direct association between the maintenance cost and holding intentions of greeneries, and greenery owners tended to have intentions to hold it throughout their life in the district. These results suggested that parcel fragmentations and generation changes might accelerate loss of urban greeneries with good maintenance.

LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNATED DISASTER EVACUATION FARMLAND IN SAKAI CITY, JAPAN

Yuji HARA, Takahiro YOSHII, Koji TSUJIMURA, Yuki SAMPEI （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Memories of the Center for Research and Education of Disaster Reduction, Wakayama University 2 31 - 37 2016.02

本研究では，2011年より防災協力農地制度を導入した大阪府堺市を対象に，インタビュー調査により制度導入プロセスと運用現状を把握した後，現地調査により防災協力農地の空間分布・利用状況と，登記簿の分析により土地所有の状況を明らかにする．それらを空間解析し，防災協力農地の利用・所有特性と，災害時の機能発揮ポテンシャルについて検討した．結果として，本制度は，堺市農業委員会からの申請によりつくられたということ，制度設計にあたって先行する近隣の大阪府貝塚市の制度を参考にしたということ，一時避難場所としての利用を重視しているということが分かった．悉皆調査した防災協力農地の利用状況は，畑が59区画，水田が55区画，果樹が2区画であり，その半数以上で防災協力農地であることを示す看板が確認できなかった．分布指向性空間分析により，防災協力農地は偏在しており，市域全体をカバーするには至っていないことが視覚化された．防災協力農地の所有者総数は35名であり，この35名が悉皆調査した125区画を所有している．所有者の居住地に近い防災協力農地の多くで抵当権が設定されており，農地としての永続性は担保されていないと考えられた．災害時には，市街地周縁では各防災協力農地から400m圏内の住民を一時的に収用するキャパシティがあると推定されたが，市街地中心部ではそもそも防災協力農地の面積と数が少ないため，一時避難機能が十分に発揮されないと考えられた．

Relationships between Design Concept and User Awareness/Behavior in Greening Space of Suburban Large-scale Commercial Facility

MATSUMOTO Tsuyoshi, HARA Yuji, SAMPEI Yuki （Part： Corresponding author )

Papers on Environmental Information Science ( Center for Environmental Information Science ) 29 7 - 12 2015.11 [Refereed]

Recently creation of green spaces has been proceeding in the suburban commercial facilities. Few studies have focused on the necessary functions for users of these suburban green spaces. In this study, we conducted interview surveys both to landscape designers and users of newly developed commercial facility in the suburbs of Wakayama City, central Japan, and investigated the relationships in expected green space functions between them. As the results, designers' intentions were matched with users' behaviors particularly in viewing and walking. However, installations of symbolic nature designs were not well perceived by users probably because it was too generalized to prefectural scale nature images without detailed considerations of local natural environment in the study area.

Effectiveness of the designated administrator system in Satoyama landscape management -Case study of Kinki region-

Yuki SAMPEI, Daisuke SAKAGUCHI, Yuji HARA

Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan ( The City Planning Institute of Japan ) 14 187 - 191 2015.09

In order to understand the current implementation of Designated Administrator System to Public Facility with the Satoyama environment, municipal ordinances with the provision of Public Facility etc. and the administrative data of Appointed Business Operator within Kansai Region were widely collected and grouped according to the stage of implementation process. Case study in the park with Satoyama environment was also carried out for deeper understanding of actual management activities. Management diaries were analyzed and in depth interviews were conducted. As the results, it was found that most municipalities have introduced Designated Administrator System, but few Public Facilities with the Satoyama environment were applied. And the implementation was spatially unequally among the municipalities. Our case study indicated that Designated Administrator System had provided some benefits on the facility management, whereas several crucial issues to be solved were also identified for the better management of Satoyama environment. We suggested several points to be improved in the current Designated Administrator System.

Resilience of traditional rice-dominated agricultural communities to precipitation variability in the North China Plain

Dingyang Zhou, Midori Aoyagi, Tomoo Okayasu, Hirotaka Mastuda, Yuji Hara, Toshiya Okuro, Kazuhiko Takeuchi

CLIMATE RESEARCH ( INTER-RESEARCH ) 62 ( 2 ) 149 - 161 2015 [Refereed]

This study used the concept of resilience as a framework to explore the response of a traditional rice-dominated agricultural society to past climatic variability in the Hai River Basin, North China Plain. In agriculture-based communities, the performance of resilience refers to the functions of cropping and water systems and the flexibility to respond to an uncertain climate. With limited water inflow, the responses to the recent historical precipitation variability in this case study demonstrated that the local people were adjusting to both interannual variability and extreme drought through their collective and individual actions. In the short term, the local people coped by adjusting the planting area and individually switching from planting paddy rice to less water-intensive crops in order to adapt to a severe, continuing drought. However, because of poor management of the water system by community leaders and the lack of an adequate budget for the collective action of rice cropping, the shift in land use to rice cropping as an adaptation to the recent increased precipitation was not usually reversible. In the long term, the agricultural production of most villages became less resilient to current precipitation variability, despite the intention of most villagers to change the current cropping system to improve their low household staple food self-sufficiency. This study indicated that over the long term the social resilience and adaptive capacity of agricultural communities and their associated stakeholders must be built on and enhanced to better cope with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability. New institutional arrangements, including collective irrigation regimes and community leadership capabilities, are required to build social resilience and to enhance adaptive capacity for future uncertainties.

Assessing supply-demand balance of nitrogen toward local-scale organic material circulation: a case studyof suburban residential district in Metro Manila

SAMPEI Yuki, HARA Yuji, MURAKAMI Akinobu, PALIJON Armand, TSUCHIYA Kazuaki, YOKOHARI Makoto

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 77 ( 5 ) 697 - 700 2014.05 [Refereed]

This study focused on assessing supply-demand balance of nitrogen in compost/vegetable productions at vacant lots in subdivisions as well as in barangays, in Quezon City in Metro Manila. We obtained data on the recommended rate of fertilizer application per each vegetable from the precedent studies. The analysis of composition of sample compost was conducted and a total nitrogen amount of locally produced compost was estimated. GIS was used for understanding spatial characteristics of nitrogen balance. We found that almost half of the subdivisions were faced to oversupply though several subdivisions were deemed to be in quite short supply. Cooperation among subdivisions in each barangay had a potential of better nitrogen balance; however, the current centralized composting facilities might not be good support for continued compost recycle system because of their distribution patterns. We proposed that the current barangay-based policies on organic waste management and urban agriculture should be more flexible and more attentions to coordinating system between subdivisions across barangay boundaries. This scheme can contribute to further organic material recycling within living spaces, thereby promoting sustainable living spaces in the suburban residential area.

Opening process, management, and the agricultural function in selected roof-top vegetable gardens

Yamaji Keita, Taguchi Masaru, Hara Yuji, Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Sampei Yuki （Part： Corresponding author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 77 ( 5 ) 643 - 648 2014.05 [Refereed]

Recently, the roof-top vegetable gardens for rent have been drawing public attentions, particularly urbanites. We focused on the agricultural production and promotion functions of these gardens, and conducted interviews and participatory investigations to evaluate these functions. We selected 4 sample gardens in Osaka-Kobe region according to types of management agencies, and interviewed managers on the issues about opening processes and management policies. Through the interviews, we identified that one of the 4 sample gardens managed by NPO had higher attentions to the agricultural functions. Hence we had participated in this garden as a user, and made in-depth interviews with managers and users. We also measured vegetable volumes produced by users in round number. We found a mismatch between the manager's policy to enhance agriculture itself and the users' wills to enjoy a harvest only. Nevertheless, we estimated good production potential that could be competitive to the national average in the ordinary ground farmland.

Effects of urban development with landform transformation on flooding patters in peri-urban Bangkok:Case of Flood in 2011

Shinya Masato, Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Hara Yuji, Thaitakoo Danai （Part： Corresponding author )

Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan ( The City Planning Institute of Japan ) 48 ( 3 ) 783 - 788 2013.10 [Refereed]

In 2011, Thailand experienced serious damages by flood disaster. Flood damage around Bangkok is expected to increase dramatically due to rapid urbanization. Purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of elevation, flooded depth and period in an urbanizing area in Nonthaburi Province, the suburbs of Bangkok Metropolitan Region,Thailand. We used flood distribution maps in time series provided by GISTDA, Thailand and digital land-use database for 2008 provided by Nonthaburi Province for overlay analysis using GIS. We also surveyed land level and flood depth in 2012. Elevation and flood depth were closely related. The results showed that flood depth have been influenced by land filling in residential and road development. Determinants of flood period were East-west directions, land use types, and farmland size. Both flood depth and period were affected by the expansion of urban land uses with landfilling. Remaining large-size farmlands can store floodwater for longer period.

Potential and observed food flows in a Chinese city: a case study of Tianjin

Dingyang Zhou, Hirotaka Matsuda, Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi

AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN VALUES ( SPRINGER ) 29 ( 4 ) 481 - 492 2012.12 [Refereed]

This study examines the food flow in Tianjin, divided into three areas (urban, suburban, and rural), as a case study to gain a better understanding of local and regional food flows and ecosystem performance. The study has the following objectives: (1) to evaluate the capacity for self-sufficiency within Tianjin's administrative boundary by estimating a self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) using statistical data at both the city and local scales, (2) to estimate food flow at the city scale from field surveys of the local markets and statistics provided by the local government, and (3) to examine the real flows of the two primary types of arable crops (cereal grains and vegetables) at the local level by conducting semi-structured household interviews. The results of this study show that Tianjin has experienced a rapid increase of self-sufficiency capacity since the 1980s, and it appears to have the capacity to support the citizens within its borders. Rural areas have had a surplus in all of the studied food categories since the 1980s, and suburban areas have a history of high estimated SSR for vegetables, poultry, and fish. However, a low degree of locally sourced product flow was observed in this study. Most of the local cereal crops were consumed in the agricultural production areas, but 70 % of the vegetables produced in the rural areas flowed outside of Tianjin and did not support Tianjin local consumption. To reduce its vulnerability to food security issues and to promote a more environmentally desirable local food system, Tianjin needs to recognize the high productivity of its local ecosystem and reduce its dependence on other remote ecosystems for its food needs. A stronger relationship between urban and rural areas should also be established.

Study on the fire-protection characteristics of green spaces in central Sakai City

Kagioka, M, Hara, Y, Tsuchiya, K （Part： Corresponding author )

Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 8 99 - 110 2012.10 [Refereed]

The purpose of this study is to include among close-at-hand shelter zones urban green spaces other than parks, and to examine the safety that those spaces provide against fires in terms of lot size, tree coverage ratio, and the fire-protection functions of trees. For our study we chose the district in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture. This study found that because the tree coverage ratio, which affects a shelter zone’s defense against fire, is changed by the effect of the tree canopy and not by lot size, it is necessary to use methods which ensure a good crown spread, such as planting tree species whose crowns spread well, improving pruning methods, and planting trees closer to the center of a lot. Our study also found that despite the small sizes of lots, many good fire-protection tree species had been planted.

The effects of land use policies on the continuity of agricultural management and self-consumption of agricultural products in peri-urban area

Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Hara Yuji, Miyagawa Tomoko

Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan ( The City Planning Institute of Japan ) 47 ( 3 ) 223 - 228 2012.10 [Refereed]

We examined the relative impacts of land use policy on the continuity of agricultural management in the peri-urban area of Osaka city region to determine an appropriate institutional framework for enhancing ecological services of peri-urban agriculture. The study employed GIS analysis for detecting the distribution of farmlands and combined field survey on the management conditions and surrounding land uses of farmlands. We found that the conditions of agricultural management were affected both by land use policy and surrounding land uses. It also became clear that small agricultural plots were likely to be seen in highly urbanized areas. This suggests that it will be necessary to consider self-growing activities by urban citizens as in terms of sustainable management of peri-urban farmlands.

Neglected Canals: Deterioration of Indigenous Irrigation System by Urbanization in the West Peri-Urban Area of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Vudipong Davivongs, Makoto Yokohari, Yuji Hara （Part： Last author )

WATER ( MDPI AG ) 4 ( 1 ) 12 - 27 2012.03 [Refereed]

This paper discusses the deterioration of indigenous irrigation system traditionally developed in the past to serve the peri-urban agricultural lands that have been affected by rapid urbanization in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The study is based on data collection from mapping, field survey and interview analyses and identifies current canal deteriorating conditions in four categories: filled, covered, narrowed and shallow, and normal. The findings reveal that different types of canal deteriorations are associated with their private ownership. A typology of land configurations of urban and non-urban land uses along private canals is pointed out in order to understand their relation with canal deterioration types. Caused by urbanization, the degradation of the existing canal networks has provoked conflicts between local farmers and new proprietors, especially real estate developers. Such canal deterioration essentially reduces their ability to convey a water supply to feed agricultural lands, consequently leading to the discontinuation of land use for agriculture and its eventual transformation into urban developments.

Satoyama landscape change in the periphery of a Japanese regional city from 1884 to 2002 : a case study in Wakayama Prefecture

Motoyasu, Y, Hara, Y （Part： Last author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 529 - 538 2011.08 [Refereed]

Satoyama, a traditional rural landscape of Japan, is considered to be a sustainable agricultural ecosystem managed by local farmers. However, the spread of urbanization and the increase in fossil fuel consumption have led the decline or the abandonment of the use of Satoyama, even though it has been highlighted recently for its ecological functions. General and site-specific information such as natural land conditions, long-term land-use changes, and their relationships are important in understanding Satoyama. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between topographic conditions and land-use changes in the periphery of Wakayama City, Japan. We produced three digital vector land-use maps for 1884, 1947, and 2002 by onscreen visual interpretation of scanned raster images of original paper topographic maps at a 1:25,000 scale. We used digital elevation data at a resolution of 5 m for landform modeling. We then conducted an overlay analysis among these four layers and quantified land-use changes as well as the relationship between land use and landform. In addition, we collected statistical data and historical documents on socioeconomic conditions in the study area, and conducted field interviews of local residents to verify driving forces of land-use change derived through above spatial analysis. Our results showed that orchards notably increased whereas rice fields had slightly decreased during the study period. Some conifer forests shifted to broadleaf forests between 1884 and 1947 and then back to the conifer forests between 1947 and 2002. The overlay analysis demonstrated that landforms performed as the basic environmental condition restricting possible land use throughout the period. However, our field survey results suggested that installation of new agricultural infrastructure, in this case a monorail for harvesting fruit products from orchards on steep slopes, also may have influenced landscape changes.

Relationship between the Transition of Land Utilization in Amitori Village, Iriomote Island and the Size of Garcinia Subelliptica Planting Around Houses

NAKAZATO Nagahiro, HARA Yuji, NAKASHIMA Atsushi

Landscape Research Japan Online ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 4 17 - 23 2011.03 [Refereed]

A typical landscape in each village in Okinawa is a house with red roof tiles, stone walls and <i>G. subelliptica</i> for prefeeting wind. <i>G. subelliptica</i> has been used not only for wind protect trees but as dyes and building materials since the 18 century. Since then, the government of the Ryukyu, the old name of Okinawa, encouraged the people to plant <i>G. subelliptica</i> in the villages. When a village was newly formed, <i>G. subelliptica</i> was extensively planted. Thus, it has been found that the relationship among six villages was clarified by studying the planting and spread of <i>G. subelliptica</i>. In this study, we verified whether a diameter of <i>G. subelliptica</i> had a close relation with the village formation. As a result, it was revealed that the investigation on <i>G. subelliptica</i> was effective in terms of the village formation, where the traditional landscape left in the old village.

Agricultural land dynamics in peri-urban areas: a case study of Xiqing district, Tianjin, China

Zhou Dingyang, Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Hara Yuji, Hirotaka MATSUDA, Tomoo OKAYASU, Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI

Environmental information science ( 環境情報科学センター ) 39 ( 5 ) 61 - 70 2011 [Refereed]

Peri-urban agriculture has become an increasingly important policy concern, particularly in rapidly growing cities in emerging countries. An accurate understanding of changes in land use and their driving factors has important implications for assessing food security and policy making. We evaluated agricultural land use changes at the landscape scale in the Tianjin peri-urban area in China from 1993 to 2009 by using Landsat images. The main driving factors of the changes were investigated at the farm scale through a survey of local farmers. The image classification results showed an obvious loss of agricultural land since the early 1990s. Two other notable trends, which differ from results of previous studies of other peri-urban areas, were observed: (1) land had been converted from the production of traditional perishable foods to the production of staple foods, in this case, from vegetables and fruits to maize; and (2) there was a shift from staple production to fiber production, in this case, from rice and maize to cotton. The main driving factors of these changes were farmers adapting to insufficient amounts of labor and freshwater and to the use of treated wastewater for irrigation, rather than to market mechanisms or government policies, because growing perishable foods requires more labor and fiber production consumes less irrigation water. To improve food security and sustainably develop the region, agriculture must be integrated into a larger developmental plan.

Village aggregation project and its land reuse in China: Case of Huaming new town project in Dong Li District, Tianjin

Yuji Hara, Hirotaka Matsuda （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan 9 115 - 118 2010.12

Using the Huaming new town (HNT) project in Dong Li District, Tianjin, as a case study, this report aims to reveal actual field situation of new urban development parallel with remote village clearances under farmland protection policy in China. We first visited the project office of HNT and interviewed with project officers for issues on development process. We then visited one of the former villages and interviewed with a person in charge of redevelopment project in the site. We found that new town consisted of 300ha high-rise residential and 200ha industrial districts, which were equivalent in total to former villages with an area of 500ha. Most of the redevelopment sites were economically-profitable agricultural facilities such as the large-scale horticultural greenhouses. These redevelopments might be operational field responses which are different from original aim of farmland protection policy for national food security.

Study on the Distribution and the Land Use Condition of Vacant Lots in Subdivision Development Sites in the Suburban Area of Metro Manila

MURAKAMI Akinobu, WATANABE Yuya, HARA Yuji, YOKOHARI Makoto, PALIJON Armando

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 73 ( 5 ) 607 - 610 2010.03 [Refereed]

Since to generate lots of new public open spaces in already congested urbanized areas is quite difficult,it is strongly needed to utilize the existing privately owned open spaces in order to establish a sound urban environmental plan, especially in Asian mega-cities where rapid urbanization is being observed. In this study, GIS analysis and field survey were integrated to examine the distribution and the condition of privately owned open spaces in the suburban area of Metro Manila, Philippines, then, the influences of Home Owners Association was examined. First, the aerial photos taken in different periods were used to examine the change of privately owned open space in the subdivision development areas. Then, a series of field survey was implemented. Through the study, the following findings were obtained; although the ratio of privately owned public spaces has been decreasing, it was observed that the rate of decreasing has become gentle. The condition of open spaces varied lot to lot, the feature of open space was influenced by the characteristics of the area and its home owners association.

Supply-Demand Balance of Compost between Urban and Agricultural Sectors According to Pen-Urban Development in an Urban-Rural Fringe Area in Asia: A Case Study in Nonthaburi, Thailand

Yuji Hara

Alliance for Global Sustainability 2010

Impacts of housing development on nutrients flow along canals in a peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand

R. Honda, Y. Hara, M. Sekiyama, A. Hiramatsu

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ( I W A PUBLISHING ) 61 ( 4 ) 1073 - 1080 2010 [Refereed]

Change of nutrients load and flow according to land-use change induced by housing development was investigated in Bang Yai, Nonthaburi, Thailand, which located in the peri-urban area of Bangkok. Each house in the newly developed residential community was regulated to be equipped with a septic tank to collect night Soil. However, greywater and leachate from the septic tank was collected by a community sewage system and discharged into the canals with insufficient treatment, while the canals still function as infrastructure for irrigation and transportation. in the study area, built-up area became 1.4 times and agricultural fields decreased by 13% from 2003 until 2007. Total nutrients load to the canals was increased by 25% as nitrogen and 14% as phosphorus according to the increase of built-up area. Net nutrients load from agricultural fields was largely set off when we evaluated nutrients inflow from the canals to the agricultural field through irrigation. Consequently, nutrients load from domestic wastewater accounted most of net nutrients load into the canal.

Organic Waste Management and the Potential of its Local Recycle Use in the Suburbs of Metro Manila

FURUTANI Takashi, HARA Yuji, MURAKAMI Akinobu, Palijon Armando, YOKOHARI Makoto

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 72 ( 5 ) 719 - 722 2009.03 [Refereed]

Using the Solid Waste Management Program of Holy Spirit, a neighborhood of Quezon City and the larger Metro Manila area, as a case study, this research aims to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems in developing countries. To accomplish this, two aspects of the present system of Holy Spirit are first evaluated: (1) the reduction of organic waste and recycling of compost and (2) the quantity of organic waste and compost produced. Then, the amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within Holy Spirit was measured to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. Our results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighboring farm villages. However, our analysis of potential compost-use within the Holy Spirit area demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

Distribution, Amount and Institutional Backgrounds of Green Spaces Prepared within Subdivisions in the Urban Fringe of Bangkok

HOSHIKOSHI Asuka, HARA Yuji, OKAYASU Tomoo, KANO Yoko, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko （Part： Corresponding author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 72 ( 5 ) 687 - 692 2009.03 [Refereed]

In the urban-rural fringe areas of numerous large Southeast Asian cities, residential districts are facing serious environmental problems due to a lack of proper land-use plans and urban greenery management schemes. The preparation of green spaces is essential for the amelioration of many residents' living environments. Despite this, the spatial and functional conditions of residential green spaces are vague in particular; green spaces inside dominant gated subdivisions have been rarely examined. For this study, we focused on green spaces prepared within subdivisions in the urban fringes of Bangkok, Thailand and examined spatial distribution, quantity and institutional backgrounds of these green spaces. We found that legal obligations to a housing developers and rising market demands for the preparation of green spaces have a strong influence on the currently increasing number of in-subdivision green spaces. We propose that it is necessary to more strictly implement a legal framework to allocate in-subdivision green spaces, as well as to develop comprehensive management schemes in dealing with both in- and out-subdivision green spaces.

SURFACE FILL VOLUME AS A LAND-USE PLANNING INDICATOR FOR ASIAN LOW-LYING URBAN REGIONS

Yuji Hara

URBAN PLANNING IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2009

Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an urban-rural fringe area in Thailand

HARA Yuji, HIRAMATSU Ai, HONDA Ryo, SEKIYAMA Makiko, MATSUDA Hirotaka

Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers ( The Association of Japanese Geographers ) 2009 56 - 56 2009

In the urban–rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5–51.1% of total generation.

Occurrence of leaf blight disease on flowering dogwood planted as roadside trees

YAGUCHI Yukio, HENRY B. P., STORE A. J., YAMADA Toshihiro, ICHIKAWA Kaoru, HARA Yuji （Part： Last author )

Journal of tree health ( Tree Health Research Society, Japan ) 11 ( 4 ) 203 - 203 2007.10

STUDY ON LAND USE AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN URBAN-RURAL MIXED AREA IN NONTHABURI PROVINCE

Ai HIRAMATSU, Yuji HARA, Makiko SEKIYAMA, Ryo HONDA

Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Environmental Systems Research ( JAPAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ) 35 151 - 157 2007.10

In the urban fringe of Bangkok Metropolitan Region, a rapid urbanization has been creating land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential area. Toward the establishment of appropriate polices to enhance recycling of solid waste, we investigated the current situation of solid waste management in Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province adjoining Bangkok. We found that collection and treatment of solid waste in the study area were conducted by local government, private sectors, and local community individually. However, due to lack of integrated management, some residences remained out of service on solid waste collection. Organic waste such as kitchen garbage and yard waste accounted for a large proportion of waste generation.

Urban land expansion and cultivated land loss in the Beijing Tianjin region, China

Gondhalekar, D, Hara, Y, Takeuchi, K

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 98 - 107 2007.08 [Refereed]

Economic growth in China continues to nurture the urban expansion of large cities, causing the loss of an increasing amount of arable land. Cultivated land conservation in the urban fringe is important in mitigating the concomitant effects of urban growth on the environment. Due to strong State influence, possible policy differences between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei Province are expected to be reflected in the land-use pattern. In this study, we examined quantitative land-use change in the Beijing Tianjin region using Geographic Information Systems and a 1 km grid dataset of the 1980s, 1995 and 2000. The results show difference in terms of the urban and cultivated land-use change pattern between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities as well as between the suburbs and outer counties in the study area. Urban expansion seems linked to existing urban centers, whilst change in cultivated land appears to be subject to administrative boundaries as well as market forces, indicating large-scale State influence on the land-use pattern. However, the results suggest that most changes in cultivated land occur at a local scale. As separate administrative areas try to meet State demands, land resources may not be used as effectively as possible. This study suggests that planners should pay increased attention to landuse patterns and policy implementation at small scales in order to enable effective urban-rural planning.

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greenery in suburban residential districts of Metro Manila

Hara Y, Ogasawara T, Palijon A.M, Takeuchi K （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 418 - 427 2007.08 [Refereed]

This case study was conducted to better understand the present situation of urban greenery in Marikina City, in the suburbs of metropolitan Manila, a typical large Asian city. A vegetation survey was conducted in residential districts of Marikina City, and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees were analyzed. Lot size had some influence on the quantity of greenery in residential lots. In smaller lots, however, quantity did not increase in proportion to lot size. It appears, then, that the land-use controls for individual lots did not function effectively. Quantitative differences of greenery were related to qualitative differences, depending on the year or period of development of the residential area. In the newly developed residential lots, the greenery is comprised mostly of ornamental trees. Under the present circumstances, there is no assurance of sustaining the desired quantity of greenery in smaller residential lots. From these results, we proposed that regulations on lot size/coverage and promotion of tree planting involving local residents are needed to sustain urban greenery in residential districts.

Planting Environment and Growing Condition of Dogwood (Cornus florida) Street Trees in the 23wards of Tokyo Prefecture

ICHIKAWA Kaoru, HARA Yuji, HENRY Brian P, STORER Andrew J, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 70 ( 5 ) 527 - 532 2007.03 [Refereed]

The planting environment and the growing condition of street trees were surveyed to contribute to appropriate street tree establishment and management. The distribution and site condition in terms of road types and width and land use for dogwood street trees in the 23 wards of Tokyo prefecture were analyzed using GIS. Attributes of roads, sidewalks, planting layouts and background, and tree vigor were surveyed at the 49 selected sites. Dogwood street trees were mainly planted in residential, commercial and business areas. It was found however that they had different backgrounds and that in different growing conditions depended on the site condition. Especially, the number of sites where dogwood trees are planted drastically increased recently on national road and Tokyo metropolitan government roads mainly on the occasion of construction works on the roads. On ward roads, they were planted as improvement of sidewalks especially in commercial and mixed land use areas. Tree vigor showed differences for different site conditions. It was considered that the selection and management of street trees should be based on site condition.

アジア大都市周縁における循環型社会を基調とした都市農村融合と戦略的土地利用計画～バンコク近郊ノンタブリ県における現地調査報告～

本多了, 原祐二, 関山牧子, 平松あい

環境安全, 東京大学環境安全研究センター 111 7 - 11 2006

The spatial distribution of green spaces in the urban fringe of Bangkok

Hara, Y, Yokota, S, Murakami, A, Takeuchi, K （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 177 - 186 2004.09 [Refereed]

Urban green spaces with a wide variety of functions to ameliorate the urban environment have been decreased and fragmented in the urban fringe areas of Southeast Asian cities. In order to elaborate practical and efficient plans to conserve urban green spaces, it is very important to understand changing process and spatial distribution of green spaces, and to monitor them continuously. From this viewpoint, we inspected green cover, land-use and landholding, and their correlations in the urban fringe of Bangkok using GIS. As a result, the following four facts are revealed. First, urbanization has been proceeding together with land fragmentation, and green cover is finally diminished after the construction of a new house on a subdivided vacant plot. Second, rural land-uses sustain high green cover, while urban land-uses have relatively low green cover with a several range depending on the type of housing. Third, rural land-use is tied to a canal, whereas urban land-use is linked with a road; besides these development patterns influence on the distribution of green spaces. Finally, the inaccessible landlocked plots with high green cover are observed a lot.

Study on the Characteristics of Landscape Change in the Urban Fringe Area of Metro Manila, the Philippines

MURAKAMI Akinobu, HARA Yuji, OGASAWARA Taku

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 66 ( 4 ) 290 - 293 2003.03 [Refereed] [Invited]

The conversion of agricultural land to other uses caused by rapid urbanization generates lots of serious problems. The aim of this paper was to analyze the general patterns of the changes in spatial structures in the urban fringe area of Metro Manila. Analysis was implemented using GIS data set and the result of field survey, then following findings were obtained. The indigenous pattern of land use was demolished by two types of development. And abandonment of agricultural land occurred during the process of developments.

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