研究者詳細 - 原　祐二

論文 - 原　祐二

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和歌山大学敷地内における多地点自動カメラを活用した哺乳類相の把握とイノシシの生息密度推定

升田昌吾, 原祐二, 木本有紀, 三瓶由紀

環境情報科学論文集 ( 一般社団法人環境情報科学センター ) ceis38 209 - 214 2024年12月 [査読有り]

和泉山麓地形改変地に立地する和歌山大学栄谷キャンパスに計８台の自動撮影カメラを設置し，2023年１月～2024年1月の期間カメラトラップ法を用いた哺乳類相の調査およびRESTモデルによるイノシシの生息密度推定を行った。累計カメラ稼働日数1065日，有効撮影枚数は9433枚となり，哺乳類11種の生息が確認できた。最も多く出現したのはイノシシ（72.59回/100カメラ日）であった。また，生息密度推定の結果は50.8頭/㎢となった。人間の活動圏と隣接している山麓造成地の残存林が多種の哺乳類の生息地として機能していることが明らかとなった。

和歌山県域の認定棚田地区を活用した保全優先度の高い棚田を選定するモデルの校正

大場悠暉, 原祐二, 山本祐吾

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 16 5 - 16 2023年02月 [査読有り]

In this study, we improved and further developed the existing GIS-based model for screening terraced rice lots in its conservation priority with focuses on three aspects; landscape value, agricultural efficiency and disaster prevention function. Then the model was applied to the Wakayama Prefecture area within the Kii Peninsula region in central Japan, in which has a clear north-south gradient in geological features. As the results, constructed model performed effectively in selecting rice lots with higher conservation priority within 10km spatial scale. Moreover, in the northern part of the prefecture, agricultural efficiency was an important aspect in the model, whereas landscape value and disaster prevention function were also detected in the middle and southern parts, respectively. Prefectural governmental officials in charge of terraced paddy conservation policies, who were interviewed, supported an applicability of this model in actual institutional fields because it was guaranteed by scientific approaches. Based upon these figures, we proposed that at prefectural spatial scale the model calibrated among three aspects depending on geologic and topographic conditions could be utilized for prioritizing terraced paddies without serious regional inequalities in institutional supports.

Mapping Uncounted Anthropogenic Fill Flows: Environmental Impact and Mitigation

Yuji Hara, Chizuko Hirai, Yuki Sampei (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Land 11 ( 11 ) 1959 2022年11月 [査読有り] [招待有り]

Fill material flows created by land development earthworks are anthropogenic agents that generate massive energy use from their heavy loads. However, formal quantification of these flows has been neglected. We use Osaka Prefecture in Japan as a case study to quantify fill flows and associated CO2 emissions. We collected data on fill flows, including fill generation and acceptance. We mapped these publicly uncounted fill flows and calculated the CO2 emissions from the associated energy use. We also simulated a scenario in which optimized shortest-distance matching is achieved between fill generators and acceptors. We estimated the current fill flows based on distance and weight and broke down the total by type of site and activity. We compared our estimates of current fill flows with estimates from our matching simulation and found the simulation could achieve an 8448 km reduction in flow length and a 5724 t-CO2 reduction in emissions associated with transportation. We discussed the implications of flexible matching, especially in different construction sectors, and the importance of continuous, spatially geo-referenced monitoring of these fill flows toward further environmental impact mitigation. The approach presented here could apply to assessing environmental loads arising from landform changes in other cities and lead to development of a new regional- and global-scale fill material science in the Anthropocene.

Plant Diversity in the Dynamic Mosaic Landscape of an Agricultural Heritage System: The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System

Yuji Hara, Shinji Oki, Yoshiyuki Uchiyama, Kyuichi Ito, Yuto Tani, Asako Naito, Yuki Sampei (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Land ( {MDPI} {AG} ) 10 ( 6 ) 559 - 559 2021年05月 [査読有り]

The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System in central Japan is defined as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. This study examined relationships between parcel-level plant diversity and land use, management, and development in traditional sloped Ume (Japanese apricot; Prunus mume) orchards and adjoining level orchards recently developed through large-scale cut-fill land development. We constructed and overlaid past (1974) and present (2015) digital land-use maps to assess land use and topography. We conducted field vegetation surveys in land parcels with different development and management histories. Although 249 ha (4.6% of the total 2015 area) were developed using cut-fill methods, 5148 ha remain a traditional orchard surrounded by coppice forests. Vegetation surveys and a two-way indicator species analysis revealed that traditional orchards had more native species and a higher plant diversity index. Cut-fill orchards contained a higher proportion of alien species; however, the degree depended on parcel history and management. Overall, this area remains a dynamic mosaic landscape containing a core of long-standing Ume orchards. We suggest that biodiversity conservation in this area should focus on conservation measures such as indirect land-use regulations, including some acceptable landform transformations, to promote continued farming of this ecologically important area.

有田川中流域における1953年大縮尺空中写真を用いた棚田データの作製と現状土地被覆間の空間解析

岡野友哉, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 38 ( 2 ) 128 - 135 2019年09月 [査読有り]

In order to conserve terraced paddy landscapes in mountainous areas in Japan, strategic land-use zoning for terraced paddies, surrounding forests and villages is important. For this purpose, it is essential to understand spatial distribution of original terraced paddy parcels before intensive afforestation and mechanism of land-use changes. In this study, we interpreted large-scale 1953 aerial photographs and constructed vector parcel dataset, and conducted spatial analysis in consideration of landforms and the current land covers. As the results, we identified that many terraced paddy parcels in 1953 were very tiny lots with its sizes were less than 100m^2. It was suggested that terraced paddy parcels in nearby areas along the Arida River tended to be still cultivated until now, whereas those on the steep slope over 20 degree in upper river area are mostly abandoned. And our results also showed 40% of the parcels were planted with conifer trees and 40% could be changed into broadleaf forests as natural forest succession in this area. Our parcel dataset could contribute to develop a deeper understanding of the land use change process of terraced paddy field and its backgrounds, and to make a new conservation strategy with not only conceptual design but also numerical goals based on scientific evidence.

Assessing urban agriculture potential: a comparative study of Osaka, Japan and New York City, United States

Yuji Hara, Timon McPhearson, Yuki Sampei, Brian McGrath (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER JAPAN KK ) 13 ( 4 ) 937 - 952 2018年07月 [査読有り]

In this study, we examined urban agricultural production potential in New York city (NYC) in the United States and Osaka in Japan in a comparative study not only due to their similarities in population and region size but also differences in historical geographies and urban formation processes. We utilized available high-resolution land-use-and land-cover data to map and empirically compare size, land use, and spatial patterns of sites of current urban agriculture as well as land areas with potential for expanding urban agriculture. By linking current vegetable production data, and potential future urban agriculture land with per capita vegetable consumption data, we were able to estimate the total potential population that could be supported by locally produced vegetables. Our results showed that by scaling up current vegetable production in existing NYC community gardens, potential agricultural productivity on other underutilized or vacant land was 0.26 kg/m(2)/year for NYC. For Osaka, existing rice and dry fields could produce in comparison 0.54 and 0.74 kg/m(2)/year, respectively. By combining potential urban and peri-urban vegetable production measures with estimated needed vegetable caloric intake per person per year, we show that the current vegetable production levels in Osaka can feed approximately 0.50 million people. However, if the region maximizes existing underused speculative dry fields, urban and peri-urban agriculture could feed approximately 3.4 million people per year. In NYC, current vegetable production in community gardens is estimated to feed only 1700 people per year. However, if NYC maximized all available urban vacant lots and other open spaces, potential vegetable production could provide food annually for 0.55 million people. We discuss how though both community gardens in NYC and remaining rice and dry fields in Osaka have been out of formal city planning with clear land-use definition in zoning, these agricultural practices have nonetheless emerged as important sources of local food production and nutrition on the one hand, and sites of social benefit on the other.

The Minabe-Tanabe Ume System: Linkage of Landscape Units by Locals

Yuji Hara, Yuki Sampei, Hirotaka Tanaka (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

SUSTAINABILITY ( MDPI ) 10 ( 4 ) 2018年04月 [査読有り]

This paper focuses on the Minabe-Tanabe Ume system, which was designated as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in December of 2015. Because landholdings reflect historical social connections among various landscape units, we quantitatively examined the landscape characteristics of the system by preparing digitized spatial data and performing geographic information system analysis. We also examined the consensus building process among different stakeholders toward GIAHS recognition, as well as the emergent local spatial structure of the stakeholder network through interviews with key stakeholders and participatory monitoring. Our spatial analysis of the landscape generally supported the traditional knowledge of the area as a watershed-based mosaic of coppice forests on ridges, Ume orchards on sloped areas, and villages with rice paddies and dry fields in the plains. Our stakeholder network visualization identified several key persons as important nodes that could connect different types of land use now and may have done so in the past. Moreover, because our GIAHS site has compact agglomerations of watersheds with ranges within a similar to 30-min drive, most stakeholders, who turned out to have graduated from the same local school, are able to maximize their social capital to reorganize the remaining nodes among different land uses, thereby contributing to the formation of the land-use system and its further promotion through dynamic conservation measures.

Dynamic wetland mosaic environments and Asian openbill habitat creation in peri-urban Bangkok

Yuji Hara, Keita Yamaji, Shigehiro Yokota, Danai Thaitakoo, Yuki Sampei (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

URBAN ECOSYSTEMS ( SPRINGER ) 21 ( 2 ) 305 - 322 2018年04月 [査読有り]

This study examined the spatial relationships between various types of wetland and the distribution of Asian openbills (Anastomus oscitans) as an indicator species in a peri-urban industrial area of Bangkok. We (1) mapped the study area by using a time series of aerial photographs combined with field validations, (2) conducted a 2-year line census of Asian openbills in the field, (3) interviewed local farmers and residents about Asian openbill populations and spatial distributions, and (4) conducted an overlay analysis to statistically identify land-use factors related to spatiotemporal changes in the Asian openbill population and distribution. We found that the number of ponds increased from 1980 to 1999 and then decreased from 1999 to 2010, but the remaining ponds were relatively temporally stable in their numbers and volumes. Paddy fields were primarily replaced by aquaculture ponds, and excavated soil was used as fill in adjoining built-up areas. The number of coconut, banana, mango and other trees planted around the ponds increased during the period, providing Asian openbill habitat. The openbills fed in the remaining paddy fields, and the simultaneous existence of various rice cultivation stages in the area provided a stable year-round source of food. Overall, the results indicated that this expanding urban-rural mosaic landscape could include further spatial distribution of Asian openbills in the future. This study of Asian openbills reveals just one example of the ecosystem services provided by developments creating pond-fill landscapes, and the methods used may be applicable in other similar continental delta regions.

Post-disaster recovery linked with pre-disaster land development and damage density of Typhoon Yolanda: Toward better land-use planning in Tacloban City, the Philippines

HARA Yuji, OHSUGI Tasuku, TSUCHIYA Kazuaki, MURAKAMI Akinobu, PALIJON Armando M. (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Journal of Environmental Information Science ( 一般社団法人環境情報科学センター ) 2017 ( 2 ) 1 - 12 2018年03月 [査読有り]

Coastal cities in Asia face increasing risks of extreme climate events and urgently need to develop risk-reduction plans to mitigate the harmful socioeconomic consequences of such events. In this study, we undertook geographical analyses and conducted interviews with stakeholders in the Tacloban City area, the Philippines, to investigate the relationships among building types, storm-surge inundation and post-disaster recovery after 2013 Typhoon Yolanda. Squatter settlements in low-lying urban and coastal areas were destroyed by the typhoon, but were rapidly rebuilt by squatters using debris from the typhoon. Government programs relocated some of the affected squatter populations to new socialized housing developments on safe higher ground that were some distance from the squatters' former urban and coastal livelihoods, thus causing reluctance to relocation. Our GIS analysis of available geo-spatial data, coupled with extensive stakeholder interviews, showed that there were enough vacant lots within pre-existing housing subdivisions to house more than 7000 squatters and provide them with plots for urban vegetable farming that would provide their livelihood. Interviews with stakeholders suggested that this approach would not encounter excessive resistance. Thus, our study demonstrated that comprehensive GIS analyses and stakeholder involvement can contribute to effective land-use planning for community resilience.

和歌山県海南市孟子不動谷におけるニホンイシガメの行動範囲と生態環境・他種との関係

原祐二, 大杉輔, 横尾憲祐, 小田祐也, 福井大, 竹中利明, 有本智 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

南紀生物 57 ( 2 ) 97 - 106 2015年12月

Linking food and land systems for sustainable peri-urban agriculture in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Yuji Hara, Danai Thaitakoo

LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING ( ELSEVIER ) 143 192 - 204 2015年11月 [査読有り]

We applied a geographic approach to the analysis of current food-related behaviors in pen-urban Bangkok, Thailand, to better understand potential for building a local food system for sustainable peri-urban agriculture during a period of rapid urbanization. We addressed three main working questions: (I) Do traditional wet markets keep functioning as an important hub for vegetable and fruit food systems under the influence of modern supermarkets? (2) How "local" are the current food-related behaviors of multiple actors? (3) How do the distributions of food-related actors and their environments change in this period of rapid urbanization in pen-urban areas? We combined field based interviews of multiple actors, including farming and non-farming households, wet market retailers, and food shop owners with a GIS analysis of food-related activities and land use changes. We found that the traditional food system played an important role as both a food source for households and a selling destination for farmers. Wet market, a hub in traditional food system, spread across pen-urban areas and kept increasing under urbanization. There was, however, little connection between farmers and nearby wet markets in the same district and it constricted positive feedbacks between producers and consumers in pen-urban areas. Promoting communication between farmers and nearby retailers will contribute to better governance of a local food system and subsequent long-term conservation of pen-urban farmlands. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licensesiby-nc-nd/4.0/).

バンコク首都圏郊外における2011年洪水時以降の農地利用の変容

原祐二, 行松宏展, タイタークダナイ, 土屋一彬 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 33 ( Special Issue ) 191 - 196 2014年11月 [査読有り]

水路の漸進的開発史や，低平緩傾斜なため個別灌漑区の集合体としての広域水利環境が把握しにくい特性にも影響され，雨期に日常的に散発する洪水情報は，整備された公的データとしては表出しにくい。また，こうした水利文化史の影響を受け，タイ人の洪水に対する認識は，島弧のフラッシュ洪水が日常的な日本人のそれとは根本的に異なっている。例えば2011年の洪水被害に遭ったある農家では，洪水が押し寄せて来た初期段階に自宅の屋根や舟の上に避難した後，釣り竿を用いて食糧の確保を行っていた。さらに，2ヶ月の湛水期間を舟の上で過ごし，タイ風ラーメンの販売を行っていた。このように，タイの多くの人々は毎年の洪水に対して柔軟に適応・順応している面もある。一方で，農家にとって農地の長期湛水は，直接的に経済的被害をもたらす。熱帯アジアに位置するタイの農業は，日本と異なり，そもそも多毛作・多期作であり，農業暦も区画毎に異なる実態がある。例えば，ある区画で稲刈りが行われていても，その隣の区画で田植えが行われていたりする。このような多様な農地が，都市郊外では洪水や都市化などの様々なストレスにさらされている。実際の長期湛水被害後に，遊水機能を持つ農地が減少することは，市街地と農地両方に対し将来の洪水リスクを高めることにつながる。このため，長期湛水被害後の農地利用の持続性を担保することは，将来的な洪水リスクのさらなる上昇を抑制しうると考えられる。多様な利用形態が動態的に出現する郊外農地の持続性を担保する施策を検討する上で，実際の洪水後の利用変遷を明らかにすることが必要条件となる。こうした点をふまえ，本研究では，タイ王国バンコク首都圏北西郊外に位置するノンタブリ県の中でも都市化の最前線にあるバンメナン地区を対象とし，2011年の大規模洪水時以降の農地利用の変容およびその要因を明らかにすることを目的とする。今後世界各地で温暖化による洪水リスクが高まると想定される中，前述したように文化的に洪水順応性が高い社会条件を有するタイにおいて，実際の大洪水後の郊外農地のレジリエンスを評価することは，対象地域内に止まらない応用性を持ちうると考えられる。

The impact of historical geography and agricultural land development processes on wetland restoration methods used to create ecological networks: A comparison of Japan and the Netherlands

Hara, Y, Hooimeijer, F, Nijhuis, S, Ryu, M, van Timmeren, A (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 10 127 - 138 2014年10月 [査読有り]

In the Osaka area in the 1880s, rice was grown mostly in dry fields in upland areas, and a few paddy fields were situated on the natural wet landforms along the major rivers and streams on the Osaka Plain. As the area developed, dry fields became irrigated, and the lowland fields were filled and converted to urban land uses. For the Osaka city region, developed in this historical context, an ecological network has been proposed by the national government in 2006. The proposal was partially influenced by ecological network planning in the Netherlands, and it focuses on spatial patterns and wetland restoration measures at a limited number of sites. However, its historical geography is not taken into consideration. Therefore we examined historical land-use changes in the Osaka area and then compared restoration projects in both countries. On the one hand, we found some similarities in wetland restoration processes and measures at unused industrial sites in reclaimed coastal areas in Japan (the Osaka Nankou Bird Sanctuary) and the Netherlands (the Oostvaardersplassen). There are, on the other hand, notable differences in appropriate wetland restoration measures in farmland areas. Some potential wetland restoration candidates in Japan require either winter flooding or the resumption of labor-intensive agricultural practices in abandoned paddy fields, because many of these sites were naturally dry before the introduction of irrigation. In the Netherlands (e.g., at Tiengemeten), however, this was not a problem because areas are being converted from drained fields to natural wetlands. To conclude, regional considerations are therefore important when ecological networks are planned, and the perspective of historical geography is essential when networks are planned with wetland restoration as a core element.

Quantitative assessment of the Japanese "local production for local consumption" movement: a case study of growth of vegetables in the Osaka city region

Yuji Hara, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Hirotaka Matsuda, Yugo Yamamoto, Yuki Sampei (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER JAPAN KK ) 8 ( 4 ) 515 - 527 2013年10月 [査読有り]

This study aimed to assess Japan's recent "local production for local consumption" (LPLC) movement, with a special focus on vegetables in the Osaka city region of central Japan. After collecting statistics and spatial data, we conducted a multi-scale analysis of vegetable production and consumption along with the associated energy consumption, using geographical information system software at three spatial scales along the vegetable flow paths: national, regional, and local. Vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region came from prefectures throughout Japan, and we mapped the foodshed within this region at 1-km spatial resolution, as well as the distribution of farmland, farmers' and other markets. We also conducted a scenario analysis for reduced energy consumption through organic farming and the utilization of abandoned farmland near a city to replace food imports from distant areas. We found that the large majority of vegetables consumed in the Osaka city region currently come from remote prefectures, and that this is associated with a high level of energy consumption. Inside the Osaka city region, peri-urban vegetable farming contributes to regional vegetable provision, resulting in an approximately 70 % production/consumption ratio within an 80-km radius of the urban center; if all of the area of abandoned farmland were restored to production, this ratio would increase to approximately 75 %. Organic farming activities that bring together farmers and urbanites are emerging in many parts of the study area, contributing to increased LPLC. Scenario analysis suggested that a decrease of more than 1 x 10(6) GJ of energy inputs could be achieved through wider adoption of local organic farming for local consumption and complete utilization of abandoned farmland in the Osaka city region.

A quantitative assessment of vegetable farming on vacant lots in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila: Can it sustain long-term local vegetable demand?

Yuji Hara, Akinobu Murakami, Kazuaki Tsuchiya, Armando M. Palijon, Makoto Yokohari (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

APPLIED GEOGRAPHY ( ELSEVIER SCI LTD ) 41 195 - 206 2013年07月 [査読有り]

The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess vegetable production and consumption in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We conducted field investigations into vegetable production at a farm within a subdivision, monitored customers for 1 week at the farm's vegetable stand, interviewed customers of the stand, and conducted household monitoring and interviews to identify purchasing behavior. We also conducted an object-based WorldView-2 image analysis of a larger area to identify current and potential future vegetable farming plots and a spatial analysis using GIS to visualize the vegetable production/consumption ratio. We found that about one-third of current vegetable demand could be supplied by greater promotion of vegetable farming in vacant lots and by setting up more vegetable stands at spatial intervals less than 1-km. Subdivision regulations also influenced vegetable farming because of the level of social acceptance of caretakers of vacant lots. The current planning and institutional framework does not consider social contexts in land use and planning. We suggested that a new framework is necessary; it should consider balancing the formation of social capital and formalize planning and institutional procedures to support sustainable local vegetable production. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

2009年台風オンドイによるマニラ首都圏東部の洪水被害 : 2002年論文結果との比較による洪水特性変化要因の考察

原祐二 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 30 ( Special Issue ) 207 - 212 2011年11月 [査読有り]

2009年台風オンドイによるマニラ首都圏東部における洪水に関し,湛水深と微地形の関係を解析した。さらには,特に被害が大きく特徴的な洪水がみられた地点を中心に,住民へのインタビューにより洪水当時の状況を復元した。それらの結果を2001年時の調査結果と比較検証し,土地利用変化および洪水対策インフラの整備がもたらした洪水特性の変容について考察した。

Current organic waste recycling and the potential for local recycling through urban agriculture in Metro Manila

Yuji Hara, Takashi Furutani, Akinobu Murakami, Armando M. Palijon, Makoto Yokohari (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH ( SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD ) 29 ( 11 ) 1213 - 1221 2011年11月 [査読有り]

Using the solid waste management programmes of three barangays (the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines) in Quezon City, Metro Manila, as a case study, this research aimed to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems through the promotion of urban agricultural activities on green and vacant spaces. First, the quantity of organic waste and compost produced through ongoing barangay projects was measured. The amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within the barangays was then identified to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. The results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighbouring farm villages. However, the present analysis of potential compost use within the barangay demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

Mixed land-use planning on the periphery of large Asian cities: the case of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

Yuji Hara, Ai Hiramatsu, Ryo Honda, Makiko Sekiyama, Hirotaka Matsuda (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE ( SPRINGER TOKYO ) 5 ( 2 ) 237 - 248 2010年07月 [査読有り]

Throughout Asia, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization has created serious environmental problems, and the development of sustainable urban-rural planning methods is of critical importance. To improve our understanding of mixed urban-rural land uses and provide future practical visions for regional planning, we conducted a case study of the urban fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. After identifying local irrigation districts as the basic spatial unit for resource circulation, we quantified current material flows of organic wastes generated by households within each district. We then developed two different land-use scenarios for 2020: (1) a high-rise compact and (2) a low-story sprawl development scenario. These scenarios were compared in terms of efficiency of material flows and energy consumption. We found that, based on current infrastructure and technology, the latter scenario was more advantageous in terms of both material input and energy consumption than the former, thereby, identifying positive aspects of urban-rural land-use mixture. Based on these results, we propose that planners should focus on density control measures that take into account bioresource circulation within irrigation districts rather than simply drawing arbitrary land-use zoning lines. To this end, we suggest that the division between agricultural and urban planning departments must be bridged, and that research should take an interdisciplinary approach.

中国天津市環城４区における土地利用変化とその要因

原祐二, ゴンダレカーダフネ, 武内和彦 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

ランドスケープ研究 ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 73 ( 5 ) 747 - 750 2010年03月 [査読有り]

In China, built-up areas are expanding rapidly into suburban agricultural fields due to recent economic growth. To understand land-use changes and its factors, we carried out a case study in the suburban four counties of Tianjin City. We examined land-use changes between 1995 and 2002 through digital map preparation and GIS analysis, and verified these changes in the field by interviews. We found that urban land uses and factories have been expanding into the peripheral dry and rice fields, which were basically approved by the local government. Agricultural land diversification was also observed in the two different forms that were large-scale export-oriented farmlands and small-scale patches to supply vegetables and fishes for the local market.

Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an urban-rural fringe area in Thailand

Ai Hiramatsu, Yuji Hara, Makiko Sekiyama, Ryo Honda, Chart Chiemchaisri

WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH ( SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD ) 27 ( 10 ) 951 - 960 2009年12月 [査読有り]

In the urban-rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5-51.1% of total generation.

Landfill development in the urban fringe of Metro Manila

Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Armando M. Palijon, Akinobu Murakami (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

GeoJournal 71 ( 2-3 ) 127 - 141 2008年05月 [査読有り]

In low-lying areas of urban and suburban regions in Asia, the use of landfill has allowed urban land use to encroach onto watery landforms, such as back marshes, which were formerly used as rice fields. To improve understanding of the associations between land-use patterns and landfill development, we carried out a case study in the urban fringe of Metro Manila in the Philippines. We examined landfill volume derived from land-use change using GIS, and field surveyed qualitative aspects of the landfill used. We calculated the rate of application of landfill in low-lying housing development areas to be 5.0 × 10^3 m3 km-2 year-1, most of which consisted of offsite disposal of construction waste or crushed rock produced by urban development and renewal on the adjoining uplands. The flow of fill material from offsite sources to onsite landfill development areas was on the basis of individual agreements between suppliers and developers.

Landform transformation on the urban fringe of Bangkok: The need to review land-use planning processes with consideration of the flow of fill materials to developing areas

Yuji Hara, Danai Thaitakoo, Kazuhiko Takeuchi (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING ( ELSEVIER ) 84 ( 1 ) 74 - 91 2008年01月 [査読有り]

For large Asian cities situated on deltaic lowlands, landform transformation is essential for both agrarian and urban development. Understanding landform transformation processes and patterns is important for landscape planning in areas of mixed urban-rural land use on the periphery of these cities. We examined landform transformation processes and patterns in Bangkok at three scales: (1) meso-scale quantitative landform analysis on the urban fringe of Bangkok using aerial photograph interpretation and topographic measurements; (2) micro-scale field measurements in sample districts to investigate relationships between building styles and the types of fill material used; (3) macro-scale analysis of the flow of fill material from source areas outside Bangkok to end use on the urban-rural fringe of the city. Our study showed that the type and the cumulative volume of fill material used are related to past agricultural land-use patterns, which in turn are related to the pre-existing natural local environment. We found associations between building styles and types of fill material used: townhouses are built on clay fill foundations, whereas condominiums and roads with heavy traffic loads are built on sand fill. Each type of fill has a different flow from source to end use that is influenced by geologic and economic conditions. The flow of clay fill is limited to the meso-scale urban fringe area, whereas sand fill travels from sand pits on a natural sand levee 100 km upstream from its end use on the urban fringe. The sand output at its source was estimated to be 1.5 x 10(5) m(3) day(-1), which, depending on cost, is either trucked or transported by river to the urban fringe development areas. Thus, landform transformation was found to occur at multiple scales in the Bangkok region, and the delta is no longer flat. These findings suggest that deltaic landscape planning should incorporate the means of managing the flow of fill material from source pits to end use in urban fringe development areas.

アジア巨大都市における都市農村循環社会の構築

武内和彦, 原祐二

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 25 ( 3 ) 201 - 205 2006年09月

Urban-rural land-use mixture is a common phenomenon in the fringe areas of Asian large cities. Although the current spatial planning system in various cities attempts to separate urban from rural land uses, the land-use mixture is expected to have advantages in many phases, particularly in bio-resource utilization. Referring to the cases of Japan, Thailand and China, we discuss the hierarchical structure of biomass flows and urban-rural land uses. We suggest that the Asian land-use mixture has high potential for bio-resource utilization, thereby contributing to urban-rural sustainability in Asian cities.

Urbanization linked with past agricultural landuse patterns in the urban fringe of a deltaic Asian mega-city: A case study in Bangkok

Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi, Satoru Okubo (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Landscape and Urban Planning 73 ( 1 ) 16 - 28 2005年08月 [査読有り]

Urban sprawl areas as mixtures of urban and rural landuses are being created increasingly rapidly in the suburbs of the mega-cities located on Asia's river deltas. These landuse changes are causing serious environmental problems and dynamic urban growth controls are urgently needed. We examined landuse changes in the suburbs of Bangkok, and focused on the landform transformation that is inherent on deltas where the landuse is shifting from paddy fields to urban dwellings. The research was conducted through aerial photograph interpretation and field measurements. GIS was used for data analysis. We confirm that the present pattern of urban landuse has been profoundly influenced by past agricultural landuses, which in turn were adapted to the natural local environment. Areas subject to rice plantations with linear canal systems are occupied by townhouses, whereas areas subject to paddy fields with irregular canal systems are occupied by slum-type housing. Transect surveys indicate that the local people have responded to flooding expertly through artificial landform transformation. There was a statistical association between landlevel and landuse type. The volume of landform transformation that has occurred over the last half-century was calculated at 3.2 × 10^7 m3, equivalent to 64 km2 of area flooded to an average depth of 50 cm. Thus, landuse change has both horizontal and vertical components, which cannot be separated from each other. From these results, it is clear that past patterns of agricultural landuse and landform transformation are keys to effective landscape planning for mega-cities on the deltas of Asia.

マニラ首都圏都市農村混在地域における盛土を伴う水田の宅地転用と洪水特性変化

原祐二, 春山成子, 大久保悟, 武内和彦 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 21 ( suppl ) 19 - 24 2002年11月 [査読有り]

和歌山大学敷地内における自動カメラを活用した哺乳類の出現状況

木本, 有紀, 原, 祐二, 三瓶, 由紀 (担当区分：責任著者 )

南紀生物 ( 南紀生物同好会 ) 66 ( 1 ) 72 - 77 2024年06月 [査読有り]

多様な高度縮尺の空中写真を用いたSfM多視点ステレオ写真測量による和歌山大学圏域の人工地形変化抽出の試み : 誰でもできる低コストプロセスツールキットの構築に向けて

原祐二, 登城太智 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

紀州経済史文化史研究所紀要 ( 和歌山大学紀州経済史文化史研究所 ) 44 21 - 42 2023年12月 [査読有り]

Recent rapid growth of SfM/MVS technology allows researchers without deeper skills of photogrammetry to detect landform changes at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Here we report our recent projects quantifying landform changes using downloadable aerial photos and self-acquired drone images with special focus on its practical processes. Our trials were able to detect landform changes with reliable accuracies to use for ordinary academic classes and landscape level research. This practical report could contribute to future research in other study areas and academic fields.

ユネスコ未来遺産海南市孟子不動谷を事例とした持続可能な生態系モニタリングシステムモデルの構築

原祐二 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

旭硝子財団助成研究成果報告 ( 旭硝子財団 ) 91 ( 77 ) 1 - 10 2022年

保全優先度の高い棚田を選定するモデルの構築と事例分析

大場悠暉, 山本祐吾, 吉田登, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀

紀州経済史文化史研究所紀要 42 51 - 66 2021年12月 [査読有り]

郊外商業施設の新設草地におけるバッタ類の分布環境 : 緑地設計への指針の一例

原祐二, 原田貫生, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

南紀生物 63 ( 1 ) 101 - 106 2021年06月

「敷地外緑地制度」を活用した地域環境整備を考える

三瓶由紀, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者 )

グリーン・エージ ( 563 ) 2020年12月 [招待有り]

東京都における街路樹ハナミズキ（<i>Cornus florida</i>）の樹勢と道路空間構造の関係

山田大稀, 内田圭, 土屋一彬, 市川薫, 原祐二, ブライアンヘンリー, 大黒俊哉

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 13 ( 0 ) 94 - 99 2020年 [査読有り]

Street trees, which play a certain role in alleviating problems in urban areas, are experiencing the poor growth due to the stress in the urban environment. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the environmental factors that affect the growth of street trees. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the degree of decline and street configuration among 2,615 dogwoods planted along the streets in Tokyo. As a result of our analysis, in the area where the buildings were tall, the tree vigor tends to be poor and in the area where the planting type was planting zone rather than planting pot, the tree vigor was tend to be good, in whole Tokyo area. Outside Tokyo 23 wards, there was a tendency for good tree vigor in the area where the road width was wide and the street trees were facing south. In Tokyo 23 wards where tree vigor has deteriorated since 2006, the buildings were tall and the roads width was also narrow. The results of this study show the possibility the effects of sunshine on the dogwood tree vigor are large in the wide areas. In particular, the height of the buildings and road width were regarded as significant factors where the tree vigor was actually degraded.

人と土がつなぐ防災ランドスケープ

原祐二, 平田隆行 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

E-journal GEO ( 公益社団法人日本地理学会 ) 14 ( 1 ) 99 - 104 2019年03月 [招待有り]

内陸化した砂州地形の土地利用変化

椎木成哉, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：責任著者 )

紀州経済史文化史研究所紀要 ( 和歌山大学地域活性化総合センター紀州経済史文化史研究所 ) 39 1 - 16 2018年12月 [査読有り]

アジア都市農村フィールド研究をふり返る

原祐二 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 37 ( 2 ) 122 - 125 2018年09月 [招待有り]

行政による制度を活用した里山保全の可能性

三瓶由紀, 北川淑子, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者 )

南紀生物 60 ( 1 ) 126 - 132 2018年06月

郊外地形改変開発型大学キャンパスの地域生態系を活用した防災・環境教育研究連携和歌山大学栄谷キャンパスの事例

原祐二, 田内裕人 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター研究報告 ( 和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター ) 2 50 - 54 2018年03月

1980年代バブル経済による中心市街地の地価高騰に対応して，多くの大学キャンパスが郊外丘陵・山地に移転した．新キャンパスは切り盛り地形改変を伴う土地造成により建設された．誘発された周辺宅地開発とあわせ，従前の地域生態系を劣化させた．その後の景気低迷により開発圧が低下する中，郊外キャンパスは里山管理の担い手供給源としての価値も認められる．本報告では，和歌山市郊外の和泉山脈山麓に立地する和歌山大学栄谷キャンパスにおいて，和歌山大学システム工学部学生を主な対象に，キャンパスの立地環境を活用した防災・生態系実習の取り組み内容と経緯を紹介する．GISを活用した新旧地形図比較による土地造成の定量化，UAV(ドローン)を用いた地形変化量の計測，植生調査による環境負荷の計量を通じ，地域生態系を防災・環境の観点から評価するものである．これらの実習成果を時系列で蓄積していくことで，地域生態系モニタリング研究の一助ともなることが期待される．

みなべ・田辺の梅システムーそのランドスケープの特徴と動態的保全に向けた取り組みー

原祐二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

ランドスケープ研究 81 ( 3 ) 282 - 283 2017年10月 [招待有り]

和歌山市内におけるゲンジボタルの分布

千賀大輔, 中島敦司, 宮川智子, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者 )

南紀生物 59 ( 1 ) 22 - 26 2017年06月

フィリピン台風30号被災地域タクロバン市における土地利用変化と災害レジリエンス

大杉輔, 原祐二, 土屋一彬, 村上暁信, PALIJON Armando (担当区分：責任著者 )

和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター研究報告 ( 和歌山大学災害科学教育研究センター ) 1 ( 1 ) 45 - 52 2017年03月

本研究では2013年台風ヨランダによって壊滅的な被害を受けたフィリピンレイテ島タクロバン市を事例として，地理情報収集と現地調査により，被災強度と地形，土地利用変化との関係を検証し，現地性の高いレジリエントな防災土地利用計画のあり方を検討した．結果として，低湿地にはスラムが拡大し必然的に大きな被害を受けたものの，被災直後から迅速に瓦礫を再利用してスラムを再構築しており，低湿地にマングローブ防潮林を再植林する防災計画は非現実的と考えられた．フィリピンの主要な住宅供給形態であるサブディビジョンは多様な微地形に立地しており，やはり低湿地で被害が大きかったものの，最低限のインフラは整備されており，地区内には多くの空地も分布していた．スラムの遠隔地高台移転計画は，生業・職住近接の面から円滑に進むとは考えにくく，サブディビジョン内の空地など既存インフラの活用と社会制度の改善を進めることも，将来のレジリエントな土地利用の実現にも資すると考えられた．

U・Iターン者の語りからみる『田舎』と『都会』

半澤誠司, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀

明治学院大学社会学部付属研究所研究所年報 ( 明治学院大学社会学部付属研究所 ) ( 47 ) 29 - 73 2017年02月 [招待有り]

Biowaste Reuse Through Composting: The Response of Barangay Holy Spirit in Quezon City, Philippines, to Solid-Waste Management

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017年

Establishing A Sustainable Community Through Urban and Rural Fusion

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017年

Feeding Urban Regions: Estimating the Energy Consumption of Domestic Vegetable Supplies for Osaka, Japan

Yuji Hara

SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN SELECTED URBAN REGIONS 2017年

ニューヨーク市水源林保全における農業保全地役権の特徴と運用状況

三瓶由紀, 原祐二, マーコトゥリオピーター・J

ランドスケープ研究 ( 日本造園学会 ) 80 ( 5 ) 701 - 706 2017年 [査読有り]

CEに関しては，これまでも所有者の売却意思に与える影響など，米国を中心に多くの研究が為されている。国内においても，制度の紹介がなされているほか，CEの概念の整理，日本への導入の可能性も踏まえたCEの利点や課題など，数少ないながらも，既往研究が存在している。しかし，ACEについての研究事例は国内ではほとんど行われておらず，持続可能な生態系サービスの供給のために，どのような仕組みを有しているのか，どのように都市と郊外を結びつける工夫が行われているかについて，ほとんど明らかになっていない。そこで本研究では，ニューヨーク市によるACEについて，その制度的特徴と運用状況について，上記の二点の視点から整理し，報告することを目的とする。

みなべ・田辺の梅システム:－そのランドスケープの特徴と選定プロセスの実際－

原祐二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

農村計画学会誌 ( 農村計画学会 ) 35 ( 3 ) 379 - 382 2016年12月 [招待有り]

「みなべ・田辺の梅システム」は，平成27年12月15日に，FAO本部で開催された「GIAHS運営・科学合同委員会」において，世界農業遺産に認定された。まず，認定をいただいたこのみなべ・田辺の梅システムとは何なのか。元来稲作に不向きな礫質の斜面に梅を植栽し，地表では草生栽培を行うことで土壌流出を防ぎ有機物の循環もはかる。梅林の上の尾根部にはウバメガシなどから成る薪炭林を残して育成し，高付加価値の紀州備長炭を持続的に生産するとともに，斜面崩壊を防ぐ水源涵養林としての機能も持たせる。梅林と薪炭林にはポリネーターとしてニホンミツバチが生息し，梅林との共生関係を築き上げる。そして梅林下にはため池を配し，下流部の水田や多様な野菜等を生産する畑地を潤す。そして集落に住む人々は，品種改良や農法改善，森林資源管理の努力を惜しまず，400年にわたってこのシステムを持続的に維持してきた。米本位だった時代には，とりわけ条件不利地域であったといえるこの現場で，現在に至るまで農業生産を継続してきたことは，土地荒廃が進行するアジアやその他各地で持続可能な土地利用を実現する上でのモデルとなり得るであろう。

堺市旧野田村地区における都市化による水路･農地利用の変容とカエル種生息分布への影響

谷政智, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：責任著者 )

環境情報科学論文集 ( 一般社団法人環境情報科学センター ) 30 237 - 242 2016年11月 [査読有り]

本研究では，堺市旧野田村地区を対象とし，旧版大縮尺地形図および灌漑図をデジタル化して構築したため池・水路網ならびに農地利用図と郷土史文献資料，カエル類の鳴き声の録音調査により，灌漑水田景観が卓越する農村地域の都市化による水路管理・農地環境の変化とその要因，生物生息への影響の把握を行った。その結果，都市化は水路の暗渠化や農地の断片化をもたらしてきたが，水利組合には流量増加や寄附金収入なども一時的にもたらされること，乾田化や水路・畦畔のコンクリート舗装に適応できないカエル種が現在は少ないことが明らかになった。

和歌山県海南市孟子不動谷に生息するトンボ類の1998年から2015年の変化

有本智, 安藤早貴子, 亀井碧, 野村太郎, 原祐二, 中島敦司

南紀生物 58 ( 1 ) 56 - 62 2016年06月

都市近郊住宅地における自宅・地域の緑に対する所有者の認識と保有継続意思

三瓶由紀, 竹中梓, 寺西彩乃, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者 )

ランドスケープ研究 ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 79 ( 5 ) 653 - 658 2016年03月 [査読有り]

In this study, we investigated the lot owners' awareness of their own and neighborhood greeneries, and examined factors influencing their awareness including personal attributions and life histories as well as surrounding physical urban green environment. We also associated these awareness with potential of continuous maintenance of these greeneries. We selected suburban residential district with considerable greeneries in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, central Japan as case study area, and carried out questionnaire survey to the residents. We also geographically verified distribution of the greeneries, and examined relationships between the above points. As the results, we found that many residents considered their own greeneries as important elements not only for themselves but also for their neighborhoods. However, the residents whose land parcels were less than approximately 200m2 put less value to their greeneries for the neighborhood. We also identified that there were no direct association between the maintenance cost and holding intentions of greeneries, and greenery owners tended to have intentions to hold it throughout their life in the district. These results suggested that parcel fragmentations and generation changes might accelerate loss of urban greeneries with good maintenance.

土地利用・所有からみた防災協力農地制度

原祐二, 吉井貴弘, 辻村耕二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

和歌山大学防災研究教育センター紀要 2 31 - 37 2016年02月

本研究では，2011年より防災協力農地制度を導入した大阪府堺市を対象に，インタビュー調査により制度導入プロセスと運用現状を把握した後，現地調査により防災協力農地の空間分布・利用状況と，登記簿の分析により土地所有の状況を明らかにする．それらを空間解析し，防災協力農地の利用・所有特性と，災害時の機能発揮ポテンシャルについて検討した．結果として，本制度は，堺市農業委員会からの申請によりつくられたということ，制度設計にあたって先行する近隣の大阪府貝塚市の制度を参考にしたということ，一時避難場所としての利用を重視しているということが分かった．悉皆調査した防災協力農地の利用状況は，畑が59区画，水田が55区画，果樹が2区画であり，その半数以上で防災協力農地であることを示す看板が確認できなかった．分布指向性空間分析により，防災協力農地は偏在しており，市域全体をカバーするには至っていないことが視覚化された．防災協力農地の所有者総数は35名であり，この35名が悉皆調査した125区画を所有している．所有者の居住地に近い防災協力農地の多くで抵当権が設定されており，農地としての永続性は担保されていないと考えられた．災害時には，市街地周縁では各防災協力農地から400m圏内の住民を一時的に収用するキャパシティがあると推定されたが，市街地中心部ではそもそも防災協力農地の面積と数が少ないため，一時避難機能が十分に発揮されないと考えられた．

都市郊外大規模商業施設の緑化空間における設計構想と利用者意識・行動の関係性

松本剛, 原祐二, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：責任著者 )

環境情報科学論文集 ( 一般社団法人環境情報科学センター ) 29 7 - 12 2015年11月 [査読有り]

近年，都市郊外商業施設においても緑化空間創出が進んでいるが，それらの存在意義や利用者が緑地へ求める機能の検証は少ない。本研究は和歌山市郊外の商業施設緑化空間を対象として，設計者へのインタビューにより設計段階で期待された機能・効果ならびに，アンケートにて利用者の行動・効果の認知度を明らかにし，両者の関係性の把握を行った。その結果，設計者が緑化空間に設計段階で期待した眺望を楽しむ・散策などの機能は，利用者の実際の行動として発現していた。土地の自然環境を配慮したデザインについては，利用者の認知度は低く，これは設計者側の自然イメージが和歌山県域に一般化されていたことも一因であると考えられた。

里山管理における指定管理者制度活用の実態と課題 -近畿圏を事例として-

三瓶由紀, 阪口大介, 原祐二

都市計画報告集 ( 日本都市計画学会 ) 14 187 - 191 2015年09月

In order to understand the current implementation of Designated Administrator System to Public Facility with the Satoyama environment, municipal ordinances with the provision of Public Facility etc. and the administrative data of Appointed Business Operator within Kansai Region were widely collected and grouped according to the stage of implementation process. Case study in the park with Satoyama environment was also carried out for deeper understanding of actual management activities. Management diaries were analyzed and in depth interviews were conducted. As the results, it was found that most municipalities have introduced Designated Administrator System, but few Public Facilities with the Satoyama environment were applied. And the implementation was spatially unequally among the municipalities. Our case study indicated that Designated Administrator System had provided some benefits on the facility management, whereas several crucial issues to be solved were also identified for the better management of Satoyama environment. We suggested several points to be improved in the current Designated Administrator System.

Resilience of traditional rice-dominated agricultural communities to precipitation variability in the North China Plain

Dingyang Zhou, Midori Aoyagi, Tomoo Okayasu, Hirotaka Mastuda, Yuji Hara, Toshiya Okuro, Kazuhiko Takeuchi

CLIMATE RESEARCH ( INTER-RESEARCH ) 62 ( 2 ) 149 - 161 2015年 [査読有り]

This study used the concept of resilience as a framework to explore the response of a traditional rice-dominated agricultural society to past climatic variability in the Hai River Basin, North China Plain. In agriculture-based communities, the performance of resilience refers to the functions of cropping and water systems and the flexibility to respond to an uncertain climate. With limited water inflow, the responses to the recent historical precipitation variability in this case study demonstrated that the local people were adjusting to both interannual variability and extreme drought through their collective and individual actions. In the short term, the local people coped by adjusting the planting area and individually switching from planting paddy rice to less water-intensive crops in order to adapt to a severe, continuing drought. However, because of poor management of the water system by community leaders and the lack of an adequate budget for the collective action of rice cropping, the shift in land use to rice cropping as an adaptation to the recent increased precipitation was not usually reversible. In the long term, the agricultural production of most villages became less resilient to current precipitation variability, despite the intention of most villagers to change the current cropping system to improve their low household staple food self-sufficiency. This study indicated that over the long term the social resilience and adaptive capacity of agricultural communities and their associated stakeholders must be built on and enhanced to better cope with the constraints and opportunities of current climate variability. New institutional arrangements, including collective irrigation regimes and community leadership capabilities, are required to build social resilience and to enhance adaptive capacity for future uncertainties.

メトロマニラ郊外部を対象とした有機性廃棄物の地域内循環実現可能性

三瓶由紀, 原祐二, 村上暁信, パリホンアルマンド, 土屋一彬, 横張真

ランドスケープ研究 ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 77 ( 5 ) 697 - 700 2014年05月 [査読有り]

This study focused on assessing supply-demand balance of nitrogen in compost/vegetable productions at vacant lots in subdivisions as well as in barangays, in Quezon City in Metro Manila. We obtained data on the recommended rate of fertilizer application per each vegetable from the precedent studies. The analysis of composition of sample compost was conducted and a total nitrogen amount of locally produced compost was estimated. GIS was used for understanding spatial characteristics of nitrogen balance. We found that almost half of the subdivisions were faced to oversupply though several subdivisions were deemed to be in quite short supply. Cooperation among subdivisions in each barangay had a potential of better nitrogen balance; however, the current centralized composting facilities might not be good support for continued compost recycle system because of their distribution patterns. We proposed that the current barangay-based policies on organic waste management and urban agriculture should be more flexible and more attentions to coordinating system between subdivisions across barangay boundaries. This scheme can contribute to further organic material recycling within living spaces, thereby promoting sustainable living spaces in the suburban residential area.

屋上菜園の開設プロセスと農的機能に関する研究

山路啓太, 田口優, 原祐二, 土屋一彬, 三瓶由紀 (担当区分：責任著者 )

ランドスケープ研究 ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 77 ( 5 ) 643 - 648 2014年05月 [査読有り]

Recently, the roof-top vegetable gardens for rent have been drawing public attentions, particularly urbanites. We focused on the agricultural production and promotion functions of these gardens, and conducted interviews and participatory investigations to evaluate these functions. We selected 4 sample gardens in Osaka-Kobe region according to types of management agencies, and interviewed managers on the issues about opening processes and management policies. Through the interviews, we identified that one of the 4 sample gardens managed by NPO had higher attentions to the agricultural functions. Hence we had participated in this garden as a user, and made in-depth interviews with managers and users. We also measured vegetable volumes produced by users in round number. We found a mismatch between the manager's policy to enhance agriculture itself and the users' wills to enjoy a harvest only. Nevertheless, we estimated good production potential that could be competitive to the national average in the ordinary ground farmland.

バンコク郊外における洪水パターンに地形改変を伴う市街地開発が与えた影響:2011年の大規模洪水を事例として

新屋匡翔, 土屋一彬, 原祐二, タイタークダナイ (担当区分：責任著者 )

都市計画論文集 ( 公益社団法人日本都市計画学会 ) 48 ( 3 ) 783 - 788 2013年10月 [査読有り]

本研究では，バンコク都郊外のノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，詳細なスケールでの洪水パターンと土地利用の関係性について、湛水深度および湛水期間の観点から明らかにすることを目的とした。バンメナン地区の主な土地利用である水田，果樹園，住宅の湛水深度を現地測量により取得した。また，タイ地理情報・宇宙技術開発機関が公表している湛水ポリゴンファイルを元に，湛水期間のマップを作成し，湛水深度と共に解析を行った。結果，人工的な地形改変を伴う市街地開発は土地利用ごとの標高の差を生み，それに依存する形で洪水時の湛水深度は土地利用の間で異なっていた。湛水期間には，東西方向，土地利用が影響していた。これは，湛水期間への広域的な洪水の移動パターン，土地利用配置，土地利用ごとの盛り土造成や人為的排水の影響を示唆していた。今後のバンコク郊外地域における洪水対策においては，計画的な盛り土造成を行い，周辺農地への影響などに考慮した市街地開発手法を検討すべきである。また，農業地域における市街地開発プロセスに関する詳細な実態解明に基づいた連担農地保全に実効性の高い規制手法の検討が求められるであろう。

Potential and observed food flows in a Chinese city: a case study of Tianjin

Dingyang Zhou, Hirotaka Matsuda, Yuji Hara, Kazuhiko Takeuchi

AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN VALUES ( SPRINGER ) 29 ( 4 ) 481 - 492 2012年12月 [査読有り]

This study examines the food flow in Tianjin, divided into three areas (urban, suburban, and rural), as a case study to gain a better understanding of local and regional food flows and ecosystem performance. The study has the following objectives: (1) to evaluate the capacity for self-sufficiency within Tianjin's administrative boundary by estimating a self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) using statistical data at both the city and local scales, (2) to estimate food flow at the city scale from field surveys of the local markets and statistics provided by the local government, and (3) to examine the real flows of the two primary types of arable crops (cereal grains and vegetables) at the local level by conducting semi-structured household interviews. The results of this study show that Tianjin has experienced a rapid increase of self-sufficiency capacity since the 1980s, and it appears to have the capacity to support the citizens within its borders. Rural areas have had a surplus in all of the studied food categories since the 1980s, and suburban areas have a history of high estimated SSR for vegetables, poultry, and fish. However, a low degree of locally sourced product flow was observed in this study. Most of the local cereal crops were consumed in the agricultural production areas, but 70 % of the vegetables produced in the rural areas flowed outside of Tianjin and did not support Tianjin local consumption. To reduce its vulnerability to food security issues and to promote a more environmentally desirable local food system, Tianjin needs to recognize the high productivity of its local ecosystem and reduce its dependence on other remote ecosystems for its food needs. A stronger relationship between urban and rural areas should also be established.

Study on the fire-protection characteristics of green spaces in central Sakai City

Kagioka, M, Hara, Y, Tsuchiya, K (担当区分：責任著者 )

Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 8 99 - 110 2012年10月 [査読有り]

The purpose of this study is to include among close-at-hand shelter zones urban green spaces other than parks, and to examine the safety that those spaces provide against fires in terms of lot size, tree coverage ratio, and the fire-protection functions of trees. For our study we chose the district in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture. This study found that because the tree coverage ratio, which affects a shelter zone’s defense against fire, is changed by the effect of the tree canopy and not by lot size, it is necessary to use methods which ensure a good crown spread, such as planting tree species whose crowns spread well, improving pruning methods, and planting trees closer to the center of a lot. Our study also found that despite the small sizes of lots, many good fire-protection tree species had been planted.

都市近郊における土地利用制度と農地の管理粗放化および自給的利用との関係性解明

土屋一彬, 原祐二, 宮川智子

都市計画論文集 ( 公益社団法人日本都市計画学会 ) 47 ( 3 ) 223 - 228 2012年10月 [査読有り]

本研究は、大阪府堺市南東地域を対象に、土地利用制度が農地の管理粗放化と自給的利用に与える影響を包括的に解析することで、都市近郊農地保全に関する今後の土地利用制度の枠組み構築に寄与することを目的とした。土地利用制度の影響評価に当たっては、広域に適用可能かつ客観的な指標を用いることに留意した。加えて、農地管理の粗放化への隣接土地利用などの影響が指摘されていることに鑑み、多様な要因の相対的な影響にも留意した。なお、本研究では、都市近郊における主要な農業形態である野菜生産のための畑地に着目してデータの収集および解析を行った。その結果、農地管理状況に関する分析により、土地利用制度が隣接土地利用とならんで農地管理粗放化に影響していることを明らかにした。また、特に宅地化農地において、住民により自給的に利用されている農地が、相当程度存在する可能性を明らかにした。こうした小規模区画は従来の都市近郊農地の保全に関する制度的枠組みの議論では十分に注目されてこなかったが、今後は、隣接土地利用に配慮した集団的農地の保全に加えて、小規模農地の管理継続に貢献する仕組みの検討が求められる。

Neglected Canals: Deterioration of Indigenous Irrigation System by Urbanization in the West Peri-Urban Area of Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Vudipong Davivongs, Makoto Yokohari, Yuji Hara (担当区分：最終著者 )

WATER ( MDPI AG ) 4 ( 1 ) 12 - 27 2012年03月 [査読有り]

This paper discusses the deterioration of indigenous irrigation system traditionally developed in the past to serve the peri-urban agricultural lands that have been affected by rapid urbanization in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The study is based on data collection from mapping, field survey and interview analyses and identifies current canal deteriorating conditions in four categories: filled, covered, narrowed and shallow, and normal. The findings reveal that different types of canal deteriorations are associated with their private ownership. A typology of land configurations of urban and non-urban land uses along private canals is pointed out in order to understand their relation with canal deterioration types. Caused by urbanization, the degradation of the existing canal networks has provoked conflicts between local farmers and new proprietors, especially real estate developers. Such canal deterioration essentially reduces their ability to convey a water supply to feed agricultural lands, consequently leading to the discontinuation of land use for agriculture and its eventual transformation into urban developments.

Satoyama landscape change in the periphery of a Japanese regional city from 1884 to 2002 - a case study in Wakayama Prefecture -

Motoyasu, Y, Hara, Y (担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者 )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 529 - 538 2011年08月 [査読有り]

Satoyama, a traditional rural landscape of Japan, is considered to be a sustainable agricultural ecosystem managed by local farmers. However, the spread of urbanization and the increase in fossil fuel consumption have led the decline or the abandonment of the use of Satoyama, even though it has been highlighted recently for its ecological functions. General and site-specific information such as natural land conditions, long-term land-use changes, and their relationships are important in understanding Satoyama. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between topographic conditions and land-use changes in the periphery of Wakayama City, Japan. We produced three digital vector land-use maps for 1884, 1947, and 2002 by onscreen visual interpretation of scanned raster images of original paper topographic maps at a 1:25,000 scale. We used digital elevation data at a resolution of 5 m for landform modeling. We then conducted an overlay analysis among these four layers and quantified land-use changes as well as the relationship between land use and landform. In addition, we collected statistical data and historical documents on socioeconomic conditions in the study area, and conducted field interviews of local residents to verify driving forces of land-use change derived through above spatial analysis. Our results showed that orchards notably increased whereas rice fields had slightly decreased during the study period. Some conifer forests shifted to broadleaf forests between 1884 and 1947 and then back to the conifer forests between 1947 and 2002. The overlay analysis demonstrated that landforms performed as the basic environmental condition restricting possible land use throughout the period. However, our field survey results suggested that installation of new agricultural infrastructure, in this case a monorail for harvesting fruit products from orchards on steep slopes, also may have influenced landscape changes.

網取廃村地区の土地利用の変遷と現存するフクギサイズとの関係

仲里長浩, 原祐二, 中島敦司

ランドスケープ研究(オンライン論文集) ( 社団法人日本造園学会 ) 4 17 - 23 2011年03月 [査読有り]

A typical landscape in each village in Okinawa is a house with red roof tiles, stone walls and <i>G. subelliptica</i> for prefeeting wind. <i>G. subelliptica</i> has been used not only for wind protect trees but as dyes and building materials since the 18 century. Since then, the government of the Ryukyu, the old name of Okinawa, encouraged the people to plant <i>G. subelliptica</i> in the villages. When a village was newly formed, <i>G. subelliptica</i> was extensively planted. Thus, it has been found that the relationship among six villages was clarified by studying the planting and spread of <i>G. subelliptica</i>. In this study, we verified whether a diameter of <i>G. subelliptica</i> had a close relation with the village formation. As a result, it was revealed that the investigation on <i>G. subelliptica</i> was effective in terms of the village formation, where the traditional landscape left in the old village.

Agricultural land dynamics in peri-urban areas: a case study of Xiqing district, Tianjin, China

Zhou Dingyang, Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Hara Yuji, Hirotaka MATSUDA, Tomoo OKAYASU, Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI

環境情報科学 ( 環境情報科学センター ) 39 ( 5 ) 61 - 70 2011年 [査読有り]

Peri-urban agriculture has become an increasingly important policy concern, particularly in rapidly growing cities in emerging countries. An accurate understanding of changes in land use and their driving factors has important implications for assessing food security and policy making. We evaluated agricultural land use changes at the landscape scale in the Tianjin peri-urban area in China from 1993 to 2009 by using Landsat images. The main driving factors of the changes were investigated at the farm scale through a survey of local farmers. The image classification results showed an obvious loss of agricultural land since the early 1990s. Two other notable trends, which differ from results of previous studies of other peri-urban areas, were observed: (1) land had been converted from the production of traditional perishable foods to the production of staple foods, in this case, from vegetables and fruits to maize; and (2) there was a shift from staple production to fiber production, in this case, from rice and maize to cotton. The main driving factors of these changes were farmers adapting to insufficient amounts of labor and freshwater and to the use of treated wastewater for irrigation, rather than to market mechanisms or government policies, because growing perishable foods requires more labor and fiber production consumes less irrigation water. To improve food security and sustainably develop the region, agriculture must be integrated into a larger developmental plan.

中国における農村集住化と集落跡地利用に関する現地調査報告―天津市東麗区華明新市の事例

原祐二, 松田浩敬 (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

都市計画報告集 9 115 - 118 2010年12月

Using the Huaming new town (HNT) project in Dong Li District, Tianjin, as a case study, this report aims to reveal actual field situation of new urban development parallel with remote village clearances under farmland protection policy in China. We first visited the project office of HNT and interviewed with project officers for issues on development process. We then visited one of the former villages and interviewed with a person in charge of redevelopment project in the site. We found that new town consisted of 300ha high-rise residential and 200ha industrial districts, which were equivalent in total to former villages with an area of 500ha. Most of the redevelopment sites were economically-profitable agricultural facilities such as the large-scale horticultural greenhouses. These redevelopments might be operational field responses which are different from original aim of farmland protection policy for national food security.

メトロマニラ郊外部のサブディビジョン開発地域における空閑地の分布と利用状況に関する研究

村上暁信, 渡辺祐也, 原祐二, 横張真, パリホンアルマンド

ランドスケープ研究 ( 公益社団法人日本造園学会 ) 73 ( 5 ) 607 - 610 2010年03月 [査読有り]

Since to generate lots of new public open spaces in already congested urbanized areas is quite difficult,it is strongly needed to utilize the existing privately owned open spaces in order to establish a sound urban environmental plan, especially in Asian mega-cities where rapid urbanization is being observed. In this study, GIS analysis and field survey were integrated to examine the distribution and the condition of privately owned open spaces in the suburban area of Metro Manila, Philippines, then, the influences of Home Owners Association was examined. First, the aerial photos taken in different periods were used to examine the change of privately owned open space in the subdivision development areas. Then, a series of field survey was implemented. Through the study, the following findings were obtained; although the ratio of privately owned public spaces has been decreasing, it was observed that the rate of decreasing has become gentle. The condition of open spaces varied lot to lot, the feature of open space was influenced by the characteristics of the area and its home owners association.

Supply-Demand Balance of Compost between Urban and Agricultural Sectors According to Pen-Urban Development in an Urban-Rural Fringe Area in Asia: A Case Study in Nonthaburi, Thailand

Yuji Hara

Alliance for Global Sustainability 2010年

Impacts of housing development on nutrients flow along canals in a peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand

R. Honda, Y. Hara, M. Sekiyama, A. Hiramatsu

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ( I W A PUBLISHING ) 61 ( 4 ) 1073 - 1080 2010年 [査読有り]

Change of nutrients load and flow according to land-use change induced by housing development was investigated in Bang Yai, Nonthaburi, Thailand, which located in the peri-urban area of Bangkok. Each house in the newly developed residential community was regulated to be equipped with a septic tank to collect night Soil. However, greywater and leachate from the septic tank was collected by a community sewage system and discharged into the canals with insufficient treatment, while the canals still function as infrastructure for irrigation and transportation. in the study area, built-up area became 1.4 times and agricultural fields decreased by 13% from 2003 until 2007. Total nutrients load to the canals was increased by 25% as nitrogen and 14% as phosphorus according to the increase of built-up area. Net nutrients load from agricultural fields was largely set off when we evaluated nutrients inflow from the canals to the agricultural field through irrigation. Consequently, nutrients load from domestic wastewater accounted most of net nutrients load into the canal.

マニラ首都圏郊外における有機性廃棄物の処理実態とその地域内循環の可能性

古谷崇, 原祐二, 村上暁信, Palijon Armando, 横張真

ランドスケープ研究 ( 日本造園学会 ) 72 ( 5 ) 719 - 722 2009年03月 [査読有り]

廃棄物の増加による環境問題が世界的に深刻化している。とりわけ、アジアの開発途上国においては、社会基盤や法制度が未整備のまま都市圏への人口集中が進んだため、都市部での廃棄物が急増し、深刻な都市環境問題が発生している。そうした途上国都市圏における廃棄物は、成分組成において有機性廃棄物の割合が高いという特性がある。有機性廃棄物は、高い水分量を保ち、悪臭を放つなど、都市の生活環境に直接影響を及ぼす。さらには、過剰な水分を含み嵩が張るため、埋立処分場寿命の逓減・焼却場炉内温度の低下などをもたらし、全体的な廃棄物処理負荷を増大させる。廃棄物から有機性廃棄物を選択的に取り除くことができれば、最終処分量の減少だけではなく、収集・一時貯留や、再資源化可能物を分別する上でも大きな便益が得られる。本研究では、アジアの開発途上国のひとつであるフィリピンのマニラ首都圏において、有機性廃棄物利用を先進的に行っている事例を対象に、有機性廃棄物の処理実態を解明することを目的とする。

バンコク郊外住宅地域における分譲住宅団地内緑地の整備実態

星越明日香, 原祐二, 岡安智生, 鹿野陽子, 武内和彦 (担当区分：責任著者 )

ランドスケープ研究 ( 日本造園学会 ) 72 ( 5 ) 687 - 692 2009年03月 [査読有り]

アジア大都市においては、経済成長にともなう人口の社会増加により、郊外に低密な住宅地域が拡大している。スプロール開発が進む地域では、社会基盤未整備のままの都市的土地利用の拡大、既存農地の荒廃、さらには都市農村間の社会的・空間的分断が生じやすい。こうした課題を解決するためには、周辺環境と調和的な住宅地整備を通じ、生活圏居住環境の改善をはかる必要がある。良好な居住環境を形成していくためには、住宅地内における"身近な緑"の永続的・長期的確保が重要である。本研究では、タイ王国・バンコク都の郊外住宅地域を対象として、緑地の整備状況を空間明示的に明らかにすることを試み、その存在根拠となる基幹法制度の内容と運用実態を把握することを目的とした。

SURFACE FILL VOLUME AS A LAND-USE PLANNING INDICATOR FOR ASIAN LOW-LYING URBAN REGIONS

Yuji Hara

URBAN PLANNING IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2009年

タイ王国バンコク首都圏都市農村混在地域における土地利用および有機性資源循環利用に関する研究

原祐二, 平松あい, 本多了, 関山牧子, 松田浩敬

日本地理学会発表要旨集 ( 公益社団法人日本地理学会 ) 2009 56 - 56 2009年

タイ王国バンコク周縁部では都市拡大に伴い，農地転用による住宅地と農地の土地利用混在が生じている．本研究では，バンコク近郊に位置するノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，住宅地と農地が混在する地域における適切な廃棄物再利用と資源循環施策を検討するため，対象地区住民の生活形態別の廃棄物排出と処理に関し，現場実態調査を行った．<BR>具体的には，1:4000デジタル都市計画基本図を基図とし，空中写真判読および現地踏査結果も援用しながら，GIS上で対象地区の全家屋を，水田農家，園芸農家，新興住宅などに細分類した．その後，分類した家屋タイプ毎にサンプルを抽出，質問票を携行した世帯訪問調査を実施，廃棄物排出特性を把握するとともに，実際に排出された廃棄物を組成分類して一週間計量調査を行った．廃棄物フローに関しては，行政，民間関連セクターを訪問し聞き取り調査を進めるとともに，現地役所と交渉の上，公式ごみ収集車のGPSトラッキング調査を行った．<BR>その結果，対象地区の廃棄物フローは，行政，民間およびコミュニティによる自主的な廃棄物回収・処理が混在していたが，それらの統合管理は行われておらず，地区全体にサービスが行き届いていないことが明らかになった．また，廃棄物組成は生ごみと農業廃棄物などの有機系廃棄物が大きな割合を占めていた．GPS/GIS空間解析では，対象地域の全廃棄物発生量に対する実質回収率は，45.5-51.1%と推定された．

ハナミズキの街路樹に発生した葉枯性病害

矢口行雄, Henry B.P., Store A.J., 山田利博, 市川薫, 原祐二 (担当区分：最終著者 )

樹木医学研究 ( 樹木医学会 ) 11 ( 4 ) 203 - 203 2007年10月

ノンタブリ県都市農村隣接地域における土地利用および資源循環利用に関する研究

平松あい, 原祐二, 関山牧子, 本多了

環境システム研究論文発表会講演集 ( 土木学会 ) 35 151 - 157 2007年10月

タイ王国バンコク周縁部では都市拡大に伴い，農地転用による住宅地と農地の土地利用混在が生じている．本研究では，バンコク近郊に位置するノンタブリ県バンメナン地区を対象として，住宅地と農地が混在する地域における適切な廃棄物再利用と資源循環施策を検討するため，対象地区住民の生活形態別の廃棄物排出と処理に関し，現場実態調査を行った．対象地区の廃棄物フローは，行政，民間およびコミュニティによる自主的な廃棄物回収･処理が混在していたが，それらの統合管理は行われておらず，地区全体にサービスが行き届いていないことが明らかになった．また，廃棄物組成は生ごみと農業廃棄物などの有機系廃棄物が大きな割合を占めていた．

Urban land expansion and cultivated land loss in the Beijing Tianjin region, China

Gondhalekar, D, Hara, Y, Takeuchi, K

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 98 - 107 2007年08月 [査読有り]

Economic growth in China continues to nurture the urban expansion of large cities, causing the loss of an increasing amount of arable land. Cultivated land conservation in the urban fringe is important in mitigating the concomitant effects of urban growth on the environment. Due to strong State influence, possible policy differences between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei Province are expected to be reflected in the land-use pattern. In this study, we examined quantitative land-use change in the Beijing Tianjin region using Geographic Information Systems and a 1 km grid dataset of the 1980s, 1995 and 2000. The results show difference in terms of the urban and cultivated land-use change pattern between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities as well as between the suburbs and outer counties in the study area. Urban expansion seems linked to existing urban centers, whilst change in cultivated land appears to be subject to administrative boundaries as well as market forces, indicating large-scale State influence on the land-use pattern. However, the results suggest that most changes in cultivated land occur at a local scale. As separate administrative areas try to meet State demands, land resources may not be used as effectively as possible. This study suggests that planners should pay increased attention to landuse patterns and policy implementation at small scales in order to enable effective urban-rural planning.

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greenery in suburban residential districts of Metro Manila

Hara Y, Ogasawara T, Palijon A.M, Takeuchi K (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 418 - 427 2007年08月 [査読有り]

This case study was conducted to better understand the present situation of urban greenery in Marikina City, in the suburbs of metropolitan Manila, a typical large Asian city. A vegetation survey was conducted in residential districts of Marikina City, and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees were analyzed. Lot size had some influence on the quantity of greenery in residential lots. In smaller lots, however, quantity did not increase in proportion to lot size. It appears, then, that the land-use controls for individual lots did not function effectively. Quantitative differences of greenery were related to qualitative differences, depending on the year or period of development of the residential area. In the newly developed residential lots, the greenery is comprised mostly of ornamental trees. Under the present circumstances, there is no assurance of sustaining the desired quantity of greenery in smaller residential lots. From these results, we proposed that regulations on lot size/coverage and promotion of tree planting involving local residents are needed to sustain urban greenery in residential districts.

東京23区における街路樹ハナミズキの植栽環境と生育状況

市川薫, 原祐二, ヘンリーブライアン P, ストアーアンドルー J, 武内和彦

ランドスケープ研究 ( 日本造園学会 ) 70 ( 5 ) 527 - 532 2007年03月 [査読有り]

The planting environment and the growing condition of street trees were surveyed to contribute to appropriate street tree establishment and management. The distribution and site condition in terms of road types and width and land use for dogwood street trees in the 23 wards of Tokyo prefecture were analyzed using GIS. Attributes of roads, sidewalks, planting layouts and background, and tree vigor were surveyed at the 49 selected sites. Dogwood street trees were mainly planted in residential, commercial and business areas. It was found however that they had different backgrounds and that in different growing conditions depended on the site condition. Especially, the number of sites where dogwood trees are planted drastically increased recently on national road and Tokyo metropolitan government roads mainly on the occasion of construction works on the roads. On ward roads, they were planted as improvement of sidewalks especially in commercial and mixed land use areas. Tree vigor showed differences for different site conditions. It was considered that the selection and management of street trees should be based on site condition.

アジア大都市周縁における循環型社会を基調とした都市農村融合と戦略的土地利用計画～バンコク近郊ノンタブリ県における現地調査報告～

本多了, 原祐二, 関山牧子, 平松あい

環境安全, 東京大学環境安全研究センター 111 7 - 11 2006年

The spatial distribution of green spaces in the urban fringe of Bangkok

Hara, Y, Yokota, S, Murakami, A, Takeuchi, K (担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者 )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 177 - 186 2004年09月 [査読有り]

Urban green spaces with a wide variety of functions to ameliorate the urban environment have been decreased and fragmented in the urban fringe areas of Southeast Asian cities. In order to elaborate practical and efficient plans to conserve urban green spaces, it is very important to understand changing process and spatial distribution of green spaces, and to monitor them continuously. From this viewpoint, we inspected green cover, land-use and landholding, and their correlations in the urban fringe of Bangkok using GIS. As a result, the following four facts are revealed. First, urbanization has been proceeding together with land fragmentation, and green cover is finally diminished after the construction of a new house on a subdivided vacant plot. Second, rural land-uses sustain high green cover, while urban land-uses have relatively low green cover with a several range depending on the type of housing. Third, rural land-use is tied to a canal, whereas urban land-use is linked with a road; besides these development patterns influence on the distribution of green spaces. Finally, the inaccessible landlocked plots with high green cover are observed a lot.

フィリピン・メトロマニラ外縁部における土地利用変化に関する研究

村上暁信, 原祐二, 小笠原澤

ランドスケープ研究 ( 社団法人日本造園学会 ) 66 ( 4 ) 290 - 293 2003年03月 [査読有り] [招待有り]

The conversion of agricultural land to other uses caused by rapid urbanization generates lots of serious problems. The aim of this paper was to analyze the general patterns of the changes in spatial structures in the urban fringe area of Metro Manila. Analysis was implemented using GIS data set and the result of field survey, then following findings were obtained. The indigenous pattern of land use was demolished by two types of development. And abandonment of agricultural land occurred during the process of developments.

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