<p>In recent years, while data mining has attracted attention, formal concept analysis has the disadvantage that although it can understand the inclusion relation between attributes, it doesn't know what kind of meaning or inclusion relation the attributes have. Therefore, in this study, the inclusion of the attributes and the visualization of the correlation are realized by combining the Hasse diagram by formal concept analysis and the layout diagram of the attribute of quantification theory type III for visualizing the meaning between the attributes. Moreover, in order to confirm usefulness of the proposed method, we developed a simultaneous visualization system of inclusion and correlation combining formal concept analysis and quantification theory type III, and evaluated the proposed method using verification data. As a result, it was confirmed that useful information that can't be obtained only by formal concept analysis or quantification theory type III can be extracted.</p>

The cars are classified by cars' body types. However the characteristics are basically similar at first sight, so it is difficult to distinguish the differences among those cars' body types. Therefore, in this study, we considered that cars' characteristics could be analyzed by using deep learning and image recognition technology, developed a system to visualize the judgment and characteristic parts of cars' body types. Specifically, we made renderings of the CG model of 30 cars by setting 360 viewpoints in 1 degree increments around each car. Deep learning was performed using these 2D images as teacher signals. The car body type recognition probability of each angle is graphed, and the characteristic parts of each car body type are visualized. As a result, we clarified the visual angles and the pars contributing the judgment of cars' body types.

In previous studies, we developed the conceptual structure visualization system (CSVS) by combining rough set theory and formal concept analysis. Furthermore, using CSVS, we found &ldquo;conflict effect&rdquo;, &ldquo;neutralizing effect&rdquo; and &ldquo;separation effect&rdquo; as characteristic conceptual structures that were difficult to find by using conventional methods. In this study, we aimed to verify the practicality of CSVS by analyses for data that is larger than data on previous studies, and to find the characteristic conceptual structure by using CSVS. First, we selected web page designs of luxury brands as case studies, and we conducted questionnaire survey related to preference for 12 web page designs with 46 female subjects. Next, we visualized and analyzed characteristic of conceptual structures of subjects' preferences using CSVS. And we confirmed that CSVS was available to find conceptual structures of preferences. In addition, we discovered new characteristic conceptual structure like compound of &ldquo;conflict effect&rdquo; and &ldquo;neutralizing effect&rdquo;.

Designers consider cars' proportions using their past experiences and knowledges. However, designers may not search for all patterns of proportion satisfy requirements. In this paper, we aimed to clarify relationships between mini-cars' proportion items and users' impressions. First, we clarified correlations among the proportion items of existing 25 mini-cars using principal component analysis, and created 9 mini-cars' images using the design of experiments. Second, we conducted impression evaluation experiments for 95 subjects using the images. As a result, we clarified relationships between the proportion items and subjects' impressions. Third, we classified subjects into 6 clusters using the difference of their preferences, and clarified the patterns of proportion items that each cluster's subjects feel attractive. Finally, we conducted the evaluation re-experiment for 2 clusters' 20 subjects using the images with the patterns of proportion items preferred by them. As a result, we found strong correlations between mini-cars' heights and their preferences.

In the plan of the products, affective information is utilized with diversification of a life style. Then, in this research, we developed the system that visualizes the difference in affective layered structures of two liquors' reviews (hereafter, visualization system). Specifically, the development consists of the following steps. (1) The visualization system extracts affective words from the reviews on the web. (2) We create the decision table in rough set theory using affective words. (3) The visualization system visualizes the difference in affective layered structures of two liquors using decision rules from each decision table. We conducted the evaluation experiment of the visualization system for 10 subjects. We made five subjects summarize comparison results of two liquors' reviews using the visualization system, and made remaining five subjects summarize them without it. Consequently, the usefulness of the visualization system was verified from the summarized contents and the creation time of them.

Rough set theory (RST) can get decision rules (DRs) that express relationship between condition attributes and decision attributes. However, RST has a weak point that it is difficult to grasp conceptual structures (inclusion relations) among several DRs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to combine RST and formal concept analysis (FCA) in order to make up for the weak points of RST, and propose analysis to find causal relation and inclusion relation that it is difficult to find by using two methods individually. Next, we developed a conceptual structure visualization system that executes two analytical methods simultaneously and projects DRs on Hasse diagram. Lastly, we verified usefulness of the system through comparing the results of analyses by using the system with the results without the system by using data in papers dealing with FCA or RST. And we confirmed that we can easily find conceptual structures not to be found by conventional methods with the system.

In the plan of products, affective information is increasingly utilized with diversification of a life style. Then, in this research, we had developed the system that visualizes the affective layered structures of liquors' reviews using rough set theory (hereafter, visualization system). Specifically, the development consists of the following steps. (1) The visualization system extracts affective words from the reviews of mail order sites. (2) We create the decision table in rough set theory using affective words. (3) We visualize the affective layered structure using the computed decision rules from decision table. We conducted the evaluation experiment of the visualization system for 20 subjects. We made ten subjects the summary of liquor reviews using the visualization system, and made the remaining ten subjects the summary of them without the visualization system. Consequently, the usefulness of the visualization system was verified from the contents and the time for creation of the summary.

By the spread of tablet in recent years, we can see a large variety of icons. However, the comprehensibility and the attraction of icons are different by the cognitive process and preference of the user. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the attraction and the comprehensibility of icons using the rough set in this study. Specifically, at first we investigated the attraction and comprehensibility of icons and extracted form elements (attribute values) to constitute icons. Next, we calculated decision rules of each subject using a rough set to clarify how the attribute values that we extracted influences the attraction and the comprehensibility. In addition, we classified subjects using cluster analysis by using co-occurrence rate between subjects with decision rules. Next, we extracted characteristic attribute values that subjects in each cluster felt attracted and comprehended. Finally we produced sample icons by using the characteristic attribute values and verified availability of these attribute values.

The eyes play a crucial role in defining the person's impression. However, there are still few studies of evaluation for the impressions of eye's form including the curve of bilateral upper eyelid. Thus, the aims of our study were to analyze and systematize the curve of bilateral upper eyelid using images of 100 Japanese subjects' eyes. Consequently, we classified the curves of males into 5 clusters and females into 6 clusters. Additionally, our study clarified the relationship between the impressions of masculine/feminine and the eye's form elements that consisted of the curves systematized the ratio of the width to height, etc. Concretely, we made 70 subjects to evaluate samples assembled with the eye's form elements by using design experiment. As a result of analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of main effects, we clarified that the bilateral upper eyelid were important form elements affecting the person's impression of masculine/feminine.

Creating beautiful curves of the forehead is considered to be the key to achieve optimal outcome of craniofacial plastic surgical reconstruction. However only subjective, or artistic techniques have been proposed in the past, therefore the outcomes of reconstruction seem to be entirely dependent on surgeon's &lsquo;kansei&rsquo; or skills. Thus the aim our study were to analyze the curves of the forehead in 50 normal Japanese women, and classify the curves to create as a guide for total forehead reconstruction. To characterize the individual nature of the complex forehead curves, two key lines were abstracted from 3D data. Based on profile of curvature analysis, forehead curves were classified into 6 types in horizontal section line, and 2 types in meridian line. These classification were then used to develop curve templates as a guide for forehead construction. We applied these curve templates in complex craniofacial reconstruction and found that the outcome is very promising.

Pictograms attract attention in supporting the non-verbal communication and using of interface icon. The existing pictograms are basically painted in monochrome. It was clarified from existing studies that we could clear the mean of pictograms using color expression. However, there were few studies which analyzed the relation between comprehensibility and color express of pictograms and few useful design indexes when painting colors of the pictogram. Then, this study aims to analyze comprehensibility of the pictograms using color expression and to abstract the visual languages. The visual languages are visual elements that composing the design of pictograms communicating information visually. Concretely, we clarified typical colors and color combinations of morphological elements in 20 pictograms conveying meanings of verbs. On the basis of this result, we investigated the relation between comprehensibility and color expression of pictograms by experimental design method. And, we abstracted the visual languages for painting colors of the pictogram and verified its usefulness. As a result, we have clarified the usefulness of some visual languages. However, the comprehensibility of some pictograms was decreased by colorization, we considered characteristics of those color expression.

In evaluation process of industrial products, designers evaluate curved surfaces using the specular reflected images on curved surfaces. However, designers have not been able to clarify control parameters' values that generate the intended specular reflected image before its modeling. Accordingly, designers have to search the curved surface generate's intended specular reflected image by adjusting roundness and torsion of the curved surface gradually using their intuition and experience.<br> Therefore, in this study, we analyzed relations between log-aesthetic curved surfaces generated by 256 types of combinations of control parameters' values and specular reflected images and bewtween seven eye positions and specular reflected images. As a result, we clarified the control parameters' values and eye positions that generated unaesthetic curved surface among log-aesthetic curved surfaces.

Pictograms are signs which convey meanings without using characters. They attract attention in supporting the non-verbal communication. However, there are few studies which analyzed the design. Therefore, designers must create them intuitively. In our previous study, we proposed the design indexes for "static pictograms" conveying meanings of verbs and verified its usefulness. As a result, we clarified that a limit was shown in expressing the pictograms of some verbs only with still pictures.Then, this study proposes the design indexes and the design method of the "dynamic pictograms" conveying meanings of verbs. Concretely, we analyzed intelligibility of the existing pictograms of 100 verbs through the questionnaire to 80 persons. On the basis of this result, we proposed the design indexes for the dynamic pictograms and verified its usefulness. Moreover, taking the result of our previous study into consideration, we proposed the design method for the dynamic pictograms and verified its usefulness.

Plastic surgeons create of external noses based on their <i>kansei</i>. The outcome of the rhinoplasty depends on the surgeons' technique and artistic sense. We consider that reconstructing an external nose by using a template would solve the inconsistency of the outcome. However, there are few studies about curves of outlines of external noses. Thus, the aims of our study were to analyze curves of outlines of external noses of 84 normal subjects and to classify the curves in order to create templates as a guide for total nasal reconstruction. Concretely, we took photographs of 84 subjects' external noses and abstracted the curves of their profile outlines of external noses from the photographs by image processing. Next, we analyzed characteristics of the curves by using those profiles of curvature and classified the curves into 5 types of curves. Lastly we made innovative 380 (= 5 types &times; 76 sizes) nose templates based on our study in order to express the individual subtle differences of the reconstructed new nose.

In this study, we developed a simulation system that reproduced the light source environment in a real world with Augmented Reality, and simulated log-aesthetic curved surfaces in the system. Concretely, this system renders the curved surfaces using the result of spherical harmonics analysis of the light source environment image that is reflected on the metallic hemisphere in order to reproduce the diffuse reflection of the curved surface. Moreover, we experimented in the impression evaluation of the curved surfaces under various environments (fine, cloudy, and evening sun, etc.) with the developed systems and clarified the influence of the light source environment to the impression of curved surfaces.

小耳症に対する耳介再建術は、適切な訓練を積めば、造形的な楽しみを純粋に享受できる手術である。いわゆる造形との違いは、限られた肋軟骨量、限られた皮膚の表面積の中で形態を出すことが要求されることで、症例ごとの術前の詳細な評価、手術計画が成功の鍵を握る。全耳介再建の目標は、他人から、手術で作った耳と気付かれない自然な耳介を作ることにある。と筆者は考える。その意味で術後に、女性の自由なヘアスタイルを可能にする耳介は成功と言ってよい。耳介は顔面中央に位置する目、鼻、口唇(facial triangle)とは違い、他人の注意を引く部位には存在せず、Face maskのすぐ後ろに位置している。したがって、注意深い耳介の位置決めは、自然で作ったと気付かれないような、目立たない耳介再建を行う上で、極めて重要である。(著者抄録)

Recently, the applications of rough set theory to real problems have been studied actively. However, when the number of induced decision rules by rough set approach is large, finding useful decision rules becomes often a formidable task. This fact may become a bottlenek in actual use of induced decision rules. In this study, we develop the decision rule visualization system for supporting the discovery of useful decision rules. The system visualizes decision rules having same conclusions in three-dimensional space using co-occurrence rates between atomic formulae and conclusions, those between atomic formulae and Hayashi's quantification method IV. An evaluation experiment is conducted. The results show that useful decision rules are discovered efficiently from many decision rules induced by the rough set approach. Some additional functions are implemented to the system in order to overcome the problems pointed out by examinees.

Recently, recommendation systems and user reviews have attracted attention as aids in searching for desired products by using web information on the products. However, existing recommendation systems require analyzing a user's activity on the web and collecting information from many reviews. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a product recommendation system that does not have these requirements. We used digital cameras and earphones as case studies and, on the basis of perception-of-value information obtained from questionnaires to users, we applied an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to an analysis and calculated the degree-of-importance values of the evaluation items for each product. We then calculated the product evaluation values of each evaluation item by using user evaluations of products acquired from Kakaku.com Application Program Interface (API). We developed a system that decides the recommendation order of each product by multiplying the degree-of-importance values and evaluation values together by Fuzzy AHP.

In the spread of universal design, the necessity of pictograms rises as tools for the nonverbal communication. However, there are few studies developing the guides for designing the pictograms. Then, we aimed to develop the guides for designing the pictograms and a support system by using the guides. Concretely, we extracted key elements for twenty "verbs" selected and considered what kind of elements constructed the images of the "verbs". Next, we calculated information entropy of each "verbs" by using the probability of the presentment of the elements and classified the "verbs" into three types by the difference of the graphs of the information entropy. We developed the guides for designing the pictograms by considering the kinds of the elements and the types of the graphs. Furthermore, we developed the design support system using the guides and confirmed the availability of the system.

Plastic surgeons create frame-works of external ears based on their kansei. The performances of the frame-works differ widely by surgeons' technique and artistic sense. Although the outcome of Yanada's external ear reconstruction using a single ear template is stable, it is too difficult to apply a single type of template to express the individual variations of patients' external ears. Thus, the aims of our study were to analyze curves of outlines of helix and antihelices of 50 normal subjects and to classify the curves in order to create templates as a guide for total ear reconstruction. Concretely, we took photographs of 50 subjects' external ears and abstracted the curves of their helix and antihelices from the photographs by image processing. Next, we analyzed characteristics of the curves by using those profiles of curvature and classified the curves into 3 types of curves in helix and 2 types of curves in antihelices. Lastly we made innovative 90(= 3 types*2 types*15 sizes) ear templates based on our study in order to express the individual subtle differences of the reconstructed new ear.

Design works contain not only the visual imaging phases but also the design concept making phases. Designers spend a lot of hours in making the design concepts that are important for designing efficiently. However, there are few systems for supporting the design works. Then, we aimed the development of a supporting system for making positioning maps of existing products in the early concept making phase. Actually, we developed the system that collected images of existing products in Web with the products' keywords and target kansei words. Next, we developed the system that applied PCA to analyze the collected images and showed the positioning maps of existing products to designers. Furthermore, we evaluated the availability of the system's functions for collecting URL of the images and kansei words. As a result, we clarified that the accuracy of image retrieval varied widely by combinations of products' keywords and kansei words. And, we surveyed the usability of the system by four subjects who experienced making the positioning maps, and improved the interface.

<p>At present, in the field of industrial design, it is too difficult for designers to control keylines as they become aesthetic curves by using existing CAD systems. Therefore, modelers must finish the clay models which are shaved from the 3D data. However, the work needs a great deal of labor.<br> Then, the aims of this study were to propose of an analysis system of space curves and to clarify characteristics of aesthetic space curves. Concretely, first, we developed the analysis system of space curves. Second, we made logarithmic curvature graphs and logarithmic torsion graphs from radii of curvature and radii of torsion of space curves in several expressions and products. And we clarified characteristics of these space curves. Third, we analyzed the lines of curvature of some curved surfaces by applying this system. As a result, we clarified characteristics of the lines of curvature defining the curved surfaces, the connection positions, and the combinations. </p>

<p>At present, when designers create the curves applied for shape design, they input the curves in their sketches to the computer. Next, they approximate the curves by using spline curves in CAD. Furthennore, they modify the curvature change and obtain the available curves for shape design. However, there are little systems supporting the operations efficiently. <br>Then, the aim of this study is to develop the system that can generate aesthetic curves from designers' sketches. First, we recognized the lines overlapped of the sketch as the figures and extracted "ToneMedian Lines (TMLs)" from them. Second, we divided TMLs into curves of monotone curvature and analyzed them. On the basis of these result, we replaced the curves with visual languages (VLs). Third, we placed VLs on their former positions and aesthetically connected them using knowledge got through analyses of mathematical expressions. As a result, we could obtain aesthetic curves from the sketches efficiently. </p>

Recentry, the number of users of social networking service sites (hereafter, SNS sites) is increasing quickly. However, many SNS sites emphasize the versatility of use, so many SNS sites are not always convenient for all users. Then, in this study, we clarified the relation between users' sense of values and functions of SNS sites, and aimed at developing some prototypes of optimum SNS sites for some users' sense of values. First, we classified 44 SNS sites operating in Japan into four clusters by quantification theory III and cluster analysis. Next, we conducted 101 subjects questionnaires about their purpose of use and impression of SNS sites, and evaluation questionnaires about nine samples of SNS sites made with design of experiment. In addition, we classified subjects by their purpose of use, and clarified the relationship between the purpose of use and the functions wanted by each subject cluster. As a result of verifying evaluations of SNS prototypes on the basis of the above result, we could show the possibility of controlling subject cluster's preference by optimization of function.

Till now, when designers create curves used for shape design, they input a set of points that compose curves in these sketches to a computer first. Next, the set of points is approximated using a spline curve in CAD. They correct the radius of curvature of the spline curve. However, there are few systems supporting the operations efficiently. The aim of our study was development of a new system that made aesthetic curves from the plans sketched by designers. First, we recognized the overlapped lines of a sketch as a figure and extracted "Tone Median Line(TML)" from the figure. Second, we divided TML into curves of monotone curvature and analyzed them. On the basis of these results, we identified visual languages(VLs). Lastly, we replaced TMLs by VLs on former positions, and obtained aesthetic curves. As a result, we could generate aesthetic curves efficiently.

Primarily, it is essential skill for designers to draw an aesthetic curve. However, even had designers drawn an aesthetic curve, they frequently got a curve having no impression intended by a limitations of tools and CAD systems when they drew a plan. Then, this paper explains our studies concerning "what are aesthetic curves for designers?", "How do we generate and use the curves?" for contributing as a reference for designers. Concretely, first, curve's departmental denominations, conventional curve generation methods and problems in the methods are explained. Second, an outline of a quantitative analysis method for the characteristics of a curve is shown. The results of analyzing a lot of curves in natural products etc. using the methods are explained. And, on the basis of the results, curve's visual languages (VLs) are generated. Third, a few instances applying these VLs to product designs are shown, the possibility of the design method using them are verified.

Recently, the natural objects appeared in picture contents such as cartoon films or movies are made by CG. We need a great deal of labor for this production. It is because those objects are made by kansei of a creator or measuring the real objects troublesomely. Then, the aim of the study was to clarify visual languages (VLs) and the combination of VLs constituting curved surfaces of natural objects and craftworks, and to show a new possibility of making digital archives of them. First, we developed an extraction system of lines of curvature. Second, we extracted lines of curvature on the curved surfaces of a stone, wine glass, a sake bottle and computer mouse by the system. The extracted curves were projected on two planes of projection and we could get two plane curves. Lastly, these were divided into curves of monotone curvature. "Characteristic" of the curve was analyzed for them. As a result, we clarified VLs and the combination of VLs in natural objects and craftworks and got a possibility of the digital archive.

<p>現在，工業製品の形状設計に使用する曲線の創成は非常に多くの労力を必要とし，効率的でない。そこで，本研究ではデザイナが描いたスケッチを事例として用い，フェアリングされた曲線と同程度の美しい曲線を効率的に創成するシステムの開発を目的とした。具体的には，まずデザイナがなぞり描いた重なり合う曲線をひとつの図として認識させ，その濃淡の中央線を求める。次に求まった濃淡中央線を曲率単調曲線に分割し，各曲線の性質を分析して視覚言語に置換する。さらに，それら視覚言語を元の位置に再配置し，図面に利用可能な美しい曲線を得る。その結果，現状よりも効率よく美しい曲線を創成できる可能性が示された。</p>

Recently, rough sets have attracted attention as a method for knowledge acquisition. However, there are few researches that verify the, characteristics of solutions by rough sets. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at inspecting differences between non-linear solutions calculated by rough sets and linear solutions calculated by quantification method II. At first, for 41 subjects, we investigated their preference about watches and classified these subjects to five clusters by their sense of values. Next, we analyzed their preferences from preference investigation using partial correlation coefficient by quantification method II and reducts by rough sets. Furthermore, we analyzed about a difference between linear solutions and non-linear solutions based on the analysis result. In addition, we calculated kendall's coefficient of concordance among preference criteria, linear solutions, and non-linear solutions. As a result, we clarified features of liner method and non-liner method.

Recently, a Web site has affected the impression of a company or a university. Few researches verified the relation between the composition elements of a Web site and sense of values using the nonlinear method like rough sets. Then, in this study, we made the Web site of the university belonging to a design and an information design field into a case study, and aim at clarification of the relation between the composition elements and the users' sense of values for the Web site. First, the evaluation questionnaire for sample Web sites was performed using six evaluation terms concerning the sense of value. Next, we analyzed the result of questionnaire by using multiple regression analysis, and clarified the evaluation terms affected the degree of charm. As a result, the subjects were classified by their sense of values at five clusters. Furthermore, the combinations of the composition elements of the Web site affected the degree of charm in each cluster were extracted using rough sets. As a result of verifying a new Web site on the basis of the above result, it was shown that an impression and charm are controllable.

Although today's drivers have a different sense of valuing their cars, the Information design of car navigation systems (car-navis) has tended to be uniform. This research is aimed at clarifying the relation between drivers' impres-sions and elements that constitute car-navi Information design to optimize both speech and information. First, we did a survey on the sense of valuing cars and ITS, analyzed the results with PCA, and extracted seven elements. Next, eight samples were created through design experiments using the seven elements, and an evaluation experiment was conducted using the eight evaluation terms. As a result of analysis with a t-test, it became clear that the Information design element, which influences evaluation terms, is different depending on the driver's sense of value. Furthermore, we directed our attention to the icon as an important element. As a result of conducting an evaluation experiment on the icon, which changed the molding and color, we were able to obtain a valuable index in designing the icon.

Rough sets has attracted attention as a method for knowledge acquisition. However, there are few researches which verify the availability by comparing rough sets with other methods except C4.5 proposed by Quinlan (1993). Therefore, in this study, we applied rough sets and an inverse reasoning system with a five layer neural network as methods for solving inverse problem. The aim of this study is to clarify the feature of condition parts of decision rules and optimum solutions. Concretely, we compared condition parts of decision rules with a high C.I. value obtained with optimum solutions obtained by exploring the entire range of solutions space. And we considered the feature of these methods. Moreover, we also compared the result of quantification method II with condition parts of decision rules. As a result, we were able to clarify the feature of each method.

For the Japanese, a Japanese sword has aesthetic origins, and it is also aesthetic standard for designers. However, there has been almost no research on the radii of the curvatures of Japanese swords; nor has the character of the curves been analyzed. This paper investigates the elements of the curves and the common features in 45 Japanese swords and 15 Japanese knives. Photographs of the swords and knives were scanned, and a set of points showing the curve of the edge of each blade was extracted by image processing. Next, an approximating curve was created from each set of points and the character of the curve has analyzed by a quantification method. Based on the analytical results, we considered the features and differences among these curves. Japanese swords were classified into five types, and Japanese knives were classified into two types. Moreover, we clarified the features in the curves of each type. We also proposed applications of the curves to industrial design.

Configuration items which determine automobile layout and pro-portion are the most important elements on car design. The former research of automobile configuration used a 2-dimensional (2D) photograph, CG, etc. that lacked a live performance. Then, in this research, we performed more accurate design evaluation using VR system which could reproduce 3-dimensional (3D) vision, and aimed at clarifying the relation between each configuration item and the impression. First, configuration items of existing cars of 40 types were measured about their side and front views, and were analyzed using principal component analysis. VR models were created using the result of analysis and ware evaluated using 10 evaluation terms. Further, we investigated which configuration item had a strong relation with which terms using analysis of variance. Finally, the 3D models were created using the result of analysis, and we verified the possibility of controlling impressions.

Design is one of the typical tasks which are realized with both intelligence and sense. When demands for contents are increasing in this decade, design assistance with computers is one of the most important information technology services. The design assistance method known as Kansei Engineering, which combines multivariate analysis of impression and media technology, is not always applicable to productive design tasks. In the practical productive design, concrete cases are sometimes picked up in advance of design processing. This paper, focusing on this design, describes the style of case-based design, assistance by computers, the range of application, and the evaluation of generated contents.

Many curves in natural products are comfortable for human eyes. If attractive curves, not so frequently used in the design of factory products, are found in natural products, we can apply them for a new shape design. In order to find the attractive curves, we propose a method for analyzing the characteristics of curves in natural and factory products using a curvature variation. The characteristics are classified into five types: divergent-, constant speed-, convergent-, divergent-convergent-, and convergent-divergent types. Using our method, we have analyzed many curves in the wings of butterflies and in the instrument panels of cars. As a result, it is observed that the ratio of divergent-convergent type curves is about twice to the curves of butterflies in contrast to the curves of cars. On the other hand, it is observed that the ratio of convergent type curves is about twice to the curves of cars in contrast to the curves of butterflies. Based on these observations, we show a new possibility of curve design for factory products.

The rough set theory (Pawlak. 1982) which can acquire the combination of the fewest attribute for identifying a certain result began to be applied in the field of design research. Before, we proposed our algorithm which calculates common reducts among plural subjects (annexation reduct system) for applying the rough set theory to actual plans. Then, we aimed to extract reducts (requirements) which affect the user's choice about audio and aimed to make the requirements clear, using this system. In addition, we considered about the feature of the lineup of nine domestic audio makers using this result. First ,we surveyed a view of audio products, and classified subjects into four clusters. Next, we calculated reducts which affect user's choice and, we considered them. We were able to make the requirements which distinguish among each cluster's sense of value clear. Moreover, we considered how many products which suit the requirements of each cluster would exist in each maker's lineup. As a result, we were able to clear the feature of each maker's lineup.

Solid models (figure) and three-dimensional (3D) computer graphics models are often made on the basis of two-dimensional (2D) characters in games and animation works. The character design affects the animation works' popularity and quality. We consider that the importance of the character design to animation works tends to increase. Then, the aim of this study was to clear the differences among curves of these dolls' faces and how they were abstracted from human faces in order to acquire the knowledge for making the guide of the character design. First, we took figures, Japanese dolls and a licca dolls as the samples. Second, we measured 3D data of some dolls and human faces using 3D digitizers. And we got seven cross-sectional lines passing through the points expressing the face's features. We defined the cross-sectional lines as key-line curves of the faces. Third, we analyzed these cross-sectional lines using curvature analysis and FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), and made the faces of doll using the results as the guide of character design. As a result of the evaluation, we confirmed that we could make the models what haved each doll's features and the our guide was available.

<p>We often compare cars' front view design to the human face. For example, we compare car's head lamps to the eyes or compare car's air intake to the mouth. We hypothesized that there was a certain relation between cars' front view design and the face on this fact. <br>Therefore, we aimed at clarifying how cars' front view design and the face are related from a viewpoint of an "image". First, the front view design and the face were classified into four clusters using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Next, by applying the creation method of an "exaggeration drawing" in Furuya's and others studies, the "exaggeration drawing" in each cluster was created and they were compared. Consequently, we clarified that many form-features are in accord between the front view design and the face.</p>

We proposed a quantitative analysis method of the characteristics of a curve, for finding what an aesthetic curve is. A number of curves drawn by designers were analyzed by this method. As a result, we found that the designer controlled the curvature change with a seif-affine property, when he produced a curve in design work. In other words, the designer sees a curve with a self-affine property as an aesthetic curve. On the basis of this fact, we developed five types of curves which have the self-affine property. Furthermore, we made 'drawing curves' from these curves as 'visual language'. We clarified that it was available to apply an ellipse to production of 'drawing curves'.

Products planners require to obtain the relation between formal elements of products and images as knowledge. Recently, rough set theory (Pawlak, 1982) which can acquire the combinations of the fewest attributes (formal elements) for forming the result (ex; images) have been applied. Then, our study aimed to apply rough set theory to planning of design concept and clarify relation between formal elements and images, using cars' front view design as a case study. We researched about three matters as follows. (1)We compared the result by the quantification method II with the reducts by rough set. (2)We adapted the algorithm of annexation reducts to design planning. (3)We developed the algorithm of annexation reduct using the plural subjects' reducts. Consequently, we considered that available knowledge for a design concept could be acquired by the reduct or annexation reducts.

In the most existing researches about car's interior design, evaluation experiment has been conducted using a photograph, 2-dimensional CG, or a real car. A photograph and 2-dimensional CG lack in presence of a compartment, and although a real car has highly real accuracy, form elements which we want to investigate are not necessarily included. Then, in this research, using a VR system which can reproduce 3-dimensional vision, the instrument panel design was evaluated and we aimed at clarifying the relation between form elements and impressions. First, the instrument panels of the existing cars of 39 types were measured, and analyzed from three viewpoints: proportion, surface forms, and a curve. The form elements which affect instrument panel forms were extracted from each analysis, and VR model was created using them by experimental design. Next, VR model was evaluated using ten evaluation terms. Consequently, we were able to show clearly the relation between these form elements and evaluation terms using analysis of variance and t-test.

Although many studies which clarify relation between form elements, and user's images or a degree of charm in various products and advertisements till today have been made, there are few existing studies in a fabric design. Then, we aimed at investigating and analyzing how the form elements which constitutes the existing fabric design has influenced the images and the degree of charm. Concretely, cooperation of a dyeing company was obtained, samples were collected, the questionnaire was performed, and, the relation between the images and the degree of charm, and between form elements, and the images or the degree of charm were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Quantification Method I, Multiple Regression Analysis, Cluster Analysis, etc. Furthermore, the form elements were chosen and the new fabric design was made so that it might have images controlling the degree of charm based on the analysis result. We had the subjects evaluate this fabric design, and it confirmed that the degree of charm was controllable.

In the research which we have studied until now, the characteristics of curves in industrial products, such as a car, were clarified to some extent. However, characteristics of curves in natural objects, such as a shellfish and a plant, are still unknown. We have not clarified yet how these curves differ the curves of industrial products. Also in the existing researches, there is almost no research which analyzed globally the curves in various natural objects with sufficient accuracy on the curvature change level. Then, we analyzed the curves in natural objects and craftworks widely and aimed at showing these characteristics clear. Moreover, by comparing with the characteristics of the curves in industrial products, it was shown clear what features there are. Consequently, most of the curves in natural molding objects and craftworks are the "accelerative type" or the "stable type" in the curvilinear group systematized by us. The "convergent type" used for the curve in industrial products, hardly existed.

Generally, in the field of industrial design, measurement data of a clay model are faired, and its three dimensional model is made in CAD. However, it is a problem that this fairing work take a long time and require a great deal of labor. We propose an automatic fairing system of a curve for the application to reverse engineering technology. The automatic fairing system is constructed by the following five steps. 1)Key-line data are extracted from a clay model by a 3D-digitizer. 2)The extracted key-line data are approximated by a spline with a genetic algorithm. 3)The spline curve (key line) is divided into curves of monotone curvature. 4)"Characteristic" of the curve is analyzed for each curve of monotone curvature. 5)Each curve of monotone curvature is substituted by visual language based on the result of the analysis mentioned above, and each key-line is reconstructed by the visual language. By this system, we can easily obtain an aesthetic curve intended by a designer in a short time.

In order to obtain a good approximation for data fitting with a spline, frequently we have to deal with knots as variables. Then, the problem to be solved becomes a continuous nonlinear and multivariate optimization problem with many local optima. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain the global optimum. In this paper, we propose a new method for solving the problem by a genetic algorithm with real number genes. In this method, we use knots themselves as genes, and we do not convert the original continuous problem into a discrete combinatorial problem. Therefore, influence of the errors caused by the discretization of knots is avoided, and quasi-multiple knots can be constructed. We search for the best model among candidate models by using Bayes information criterion, BIC. Our method can determine appropriate number and locations of knots automatically and simultaneously without good initial locations of knots. We do not need any subjective parameters. Moreover, we propose a simple algorithm for multiplying quasi-multiple knots. Our method can treat data not only with a smooth underlying function but also with an underlying function having discontinuous points and/or cusps. Numerical examples are given to show the performance of our method.

The polyhedron by which a curved surface forms which becomes the radical is shown is necessary to create the curved surface of the product etc. Additionally, the designer combines these polyhedra, and constructs the product shape. Here, we proposed "cognitive geometry" and studied the method for finding the types of polyhedra from monohedron to hexahedron. We called this method "surface forms analysis". However, this study was the analysis limited between monohedron and hexahedron and there was limitation in the polyhedra which it was possible to treat, too. We expanded the range of the study to all primitive used generally and polyhedra consisted of special surface. Then, we aimed to clarify the types of those polyhedra by surface forms analysis and to study the method to extract them. Moreover, we systematized those polyhedra extracted as "visual languages" for applying them to the variation development of shape in the design work.

The present day, the number of cars' brands of domestic makers became to be over 100. However, those cars' front view design were conventionalized to a few types. Then the aim of the study is to analyse a main cause of conventionalizing. At first, the car's front view design was analysed with reference to shepherd's study. As a result it was proved that the car's front view design is recognized in the same way as human face is, and the form elements of recognition in decreasing order are, outline of human face [=the body of car], eyes [=the head lamps], nose [=radiator grill], and mouth [=air intake of bumper]. Fourthermore, it was found that dog's and cat's face are recollected as prototypes, when person watches the car's front view design, and the car's front view design is conventionalized to some type according to those prototypes. Secondly, the form elements which cause the recollections of prototypes of dog and cat were investigated using rough sets theory. As a result, it was confirmed that such form elements were the abstracts from dog's and cat's faces' features.

Recently, it was found that designers controled the variation of the curvature of a curve and the volume of a curve as the 'characteristics' of the curve for design. On the basis of this fact, a method for creating the loci of a curve from the 'characteristics' was developed. This method can treat only monotonic-rhythm curve that it's curvature varies monotonously. However, we need a method that can treat compound-rhythm curves composed of monotonic rhythm curves, because those curves are frequently used for the shapes of cars. In this paper, we present a concept of compound-rhythm curves and an algorithm for creating the loci of a curve from the 'characteristics' of compound-rhythm curves. We discuss it's implementation on a computer, and show results of simulations by the algorithm. By using our method, we can treat compound-thythm curves uniformly for any combination of the variation of the curvature. It seems that our algorithm drastically improve the method of making curves by CAD systems.

Designers create forms of products, they combinate "Visual Language (V.L.)" of form's basic elements which correspond to "words", and create forms which correspond to "sentences" for expressing formal semantics. However, studies on abstraction of V.L. for making product's curves and surfaces scarcely exist. So, inefficient and inhuman method of making them has been the main current yet. For example, designers control the curvature and make curves one by one by CAD systems. In this paper, at first we abstracted the points at issue of making curves and surfaces by existing CAD systems. Secondly we created V.L. and developed "a system for making curves using V.L." for solving the issue. We discuss its implementation on a computer, and show results of simulations by the system. By using our system, we can make curves by intuitional operations, without indicating the loci of a curve and controlling the curvature.

A "Cognitive Geometry", based on tests of the recognition of plane and solid figures, was proposed. The results of these tests differed from those that would be expected from established geometries. Secondly, the types of geon (geometric ion) from monohedron to hexahedron were enumerated according to surface form and subsequently analyzed these surface forms bases on the proposed cognitive geometry. Further to this, the relationship between these surface forms and the impressions formed by observers was researched by multi-dimensional analisis (MDA) of a questionnaire survey. The results of this analysis were compared with those of Gestalt theory. As a result, geon were classified, using Gestalt theory, into four types; sphere, cube, cylinder, and "saddle". These types were found to affect the cognition of polyhedra.

The aims of the study were to abstract the various types of geon applicable to car surface forms and to analyse these. A two-geon approximation of a car was used in a 'surface from analysis' study based on cognitive geometry. As a result it was established that there were 4,888 types of furface form. Subsequently, fuzzy sets were applied to the 'surface form analysis' and thus it was possible to analyse the surface forms of existing cars. As a result of this study it was found that the trends in these surface forms could be identified. Furthermore, it was found that these trends differed between manufacturers and with the grade of the car. Secondly, the surface forms of representative cars from 1900 to the present day were analysed together with the factors controlling car surface forms over this period of time. Subsequently, it was found that car surface forms were affected in all eras by fashion, technology and other related circumstances. Furthermore, it was possible to identify resulting characteristic surface forms for each era.

Designers design a car's surfaces by means of tape drawing and drawing curve. However, when the curves are formed, the accurate reproduction of the designed form is limited because of the many defining parameters. This study aimed at to consider the physical characteristics of curves and to abstract the essential problems associated with them. These physical characteristics were first analysed by a number of tests, and subsequently, it was found that "smoothness" of curvature affected a curve's bending energy, shear deformation energy and the reproducibility of the designed curves in production. Further to this, it was proposed that "smoothness" of curvature originated from self-affine properties. It was verified that the most of key lines' curvatures of existing cars had the properties of self-affine. This suggests that a curvature's self-affine properties are a critical factor in designing car surfaces.

In this study, construction of decision supporting system for reasoning of car surface forms from concepts and required specifications was attempted. Reasoning engine of this system was adopted fuzzy reasoning. And, we concentrated on study of method for reasoning optimum solutions from imperfect solutions reasoned by fuzzy reasoning. Two systems were constructed using Hopfield neural network and genetic algorithms in the part of reasoning optimum solutions from imperfect solutions. And then, two systems were compared. As a result, it was confirmed that we acquired only one reasoning solution by the system using Hopfield neural network, instead of requiring no prior knowledge of surface forms' mismatching. Further to this, it was confirmed that we were able to acquire plural reasoning solutions by the system using genetic algorithms, instead of requiring some knowledges of surface forms' mismatching.

A designer's creative work is to inquire into the shape and configuration for a given concept, this activity is aimed at solving the "inverse problem" talked about recently. There are a few studies of the solving of "inverse problems" in the field of design. However, these studies use fuzzy relational equations and genetic algorithms, in the former, the most suitable solution within expressed limits is found and in the latter we get a small number of solutions. Thus it is doubtful that we get all suitable solutions. Therefore, an inverse reasoning system with an identity mapping model, based on a naural network, was developed. The system is able to compress the information from a neural network model into three-dimensional data, enabling easy visualization. Accordingly, we can inquire into various solutions.

Initially, by means of example, the way in which the characteristics of a curve affect an observer's impression of the curve was studied. As a result it was possible to raise a hypothesis defining some relationship between the characteristics and the impressions formed. Secondly, an algorithm was developed to output the loci of a curve derived from a definition of desired impression. This algorithm was used to produce a number of curves and these were assessed as to whether they affected the desired impression. The success of this second investigation allowed the confirmation of the hypothesis. Subsequent investigations determined that it was possible by this algorithm to generate a variety of curves of specified natures by controlling these characteristics. Futher to this it was considered that by this algorithm curves could be generated with characteristics beyond those of general curve expressions (eg. parabolas, sine curves, etc.) and that these may be applied to the key lines in vehicle design.

The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative analysis of a curve's character from the view point of a human observer. The research investigated how designers control a curve's character by the use of image words. As a result of this it was found that the character was controlled by changing the pattern of curvature and volume. From this a quantitative analysis was developed. Further to this, a number of drawing curve and curves used on existing car surfaces were analysed. As a result, it was verified that it is possible to correlate the character and numerical expression for those curves. It is thought that this quantitative analysis could form an index in the design of a car's surface and a key in researching the relation between a curve's character and image words.

Recently, as a car stlye has reached maturity, the configuration (it means the layout and the proportion) of a car becomes to be defined early in the phase of the development of a car style by planners, designers, and engineers. Aims of this study is the analysis of factors effecting the cinfigration of a car. And, we construct a neual net work model -reasoning a cabin configuration from the configuration of a car body-, and a linear multiple regression model -reasoning a cabin configration from the interior configration items- and then, make simulations by means of these models. As a result, it becomes clear that the configrations of a car are brought partially by a linear thinking and by a non-linear thinking. And then, we get some guide line for designing the configuration of a car.

So far, some studies of image characteristics and inference have been done. However, thoes methods obtain results convergently, not divergently. In this study we develop a system in which results are obtained divergently using 3 genetics algorithm that bases on the the theory of a life's evolution (selection and mutation), and compare these results with those obtained by a neural network using some sample concepts. Subsequently, we confirm the viability of the system using the genetics algorithm. Further, we develop a system connecting genetics algorithm and neural network in paralle, and as a result we confirm that this system gets results has advantages of both of methods, and can controls these advantages by a parameter.

形成外科手術のための耳介位置決めテンプレートをデータベース化し，拡張現実感の技術を用いて術前に再建された耳介のイメージが確認できたり，また術中に耳介位置を確認できるシステムの開発を行った．

工業デザイナは，周囲の光源環境が製品の曲面へ映り込んだ像の形状 (以下，映り込み形状) を手掛かりとして，曲面の性質の評価を行う．しかし，造形前に意図した映り込み形状を映し出すような曲面を創成する制御パラメータ値を明確にすることはできておらず，デザイナは経験や勘により曲面の丸みや捩じれを少しずつ調整しながら探索的に意図する映り込み形状となる曲面を得ている．そこで，本研究では，まず 8 個の制御パラメータ値 (各 2 種) の組み合わせ計 256 種から創成された対数美的曲面とその曲面上の映り込み形状の関係性，また視点位置と映り込み形状の関係性について分析を行った．次に，その結果を用いて，デザイナが意図する映り込み形状となるような曲面を創成する制御パラメータ値を最適化する支援システムを開発した．In evaluation process of industrial products, designers evaluate a curved surface using the specular reflection image form on a curved surface. However, designers have not been able to clarify control parameter&#039;s values that generate the intended specular reflection image form before its modeling. Accordingly, designers have to search the intended specular reflection image form by adjusting roundness and torsion of curved surface gradually using their intuition and experience. Therefore, in this study, we analyze relation between log-aesthetic curved surfaces generated by 256 types of combinations of control parameter&#039;s values and its specular reflection image form and bewtween seven eye positions and its specular reflection image form.As a result, we develop the log-aesthetic curved surface generation support system that optimize control parameter&#039;s values generating the intended specular reflection image.

曲面の印象は，周囲の光源環境と曲面形状に依存する映り込みに影響される．しかし，曲面の映り込みを意図的に制御することは難しく，デザイナの経験や勘により曲面を調整し探索的に最適な映り込みを得ている．そこで本研究では，高品質な曲面である対数美的曲面を用いて，ゼブラパターンの曲面への映り込みが，対数美的曲面を制御するパラメータを変化させることでどのように変化するかシミュレーションを行うことを目的とした．また，その結果から対数美的曲面における制御パラメータと映り込み形状との関係を明らかにした．The impression of a curved surface is influenced by specular reflection form on the curved surface depending on the light source environment and form of the curved surface. However, it is too difficult for a designer to control specular reflection form on the curved surface. Accordingly, a designer must search optimal specular reflection form by adjusting form of the curved surface gradually using their intuition and experience. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to simulate how the reflections of zebra pattern images on log-aesthetic curved surfaces (high-quality curved surface) are changed by varying parameters generating the log-aesthetic curved surface. As a result, we clarified the relations between specular reflection forms on the curved surfaces and the parameters.

工業デザインの分野では，3 次元 CAD によりモデリングを行っている．しかし，美しい曲面とは曲面がどのような性質を持つ場合に成立するのかに関しては未だ未解明のままである．そこで本研究では，様々な曲面の性質を解明することを目的とし，曲面の曲率・捩率の分布を表す曲率捩率分布制御線 （CLDCT） を同定するシステムを開発した．次に，その分析システムを用いてサンプル曲面を分析した．また，対数美的曲面創成に応用するために曲面の体系化を試みた．In the field of industrial design, we make a model by three-dimensional CAD system on a computer. However, we have never investigated what a characteristic of an aesthetic curved surface is. Then, the aim of this study was to clarify the characteristic of an aesthetic curved surface. First, we developed an analysis system that identified a "Control Line of Distribution of Curvature and Torsion (CLDCT)" expressing a distribution of curvature and torsion of the curved surface. Second, we analyzed some sample curved surfaces using the analysis system. Through the experiment of identifying characteristics of curved surfaces using this system, we attempted a systematization of the characteristics for generating a "log-aesthetic curved surface".

Our study aimed to analyze Japanese external nasalis muscles' curves and to classify the curves by those radii of curvature for making some guidelines of the curves reconstructed by plastic surgery operations. Concretely, we photographed the external nasalis muscles of 84 men and women, clipped out only the external nasalis muscle of picture by using photo retouch software, and put the pictures into a database. Next, all pictures of subjects' external nasalis muscles' curves were analyzed using the positions of inflection points and the directions in which radii of curvature in a curvature profile. As a result, the 84 subjects' external nasalis muscles' curves were roughly classified into the 5 types (A-E type).

本研究では，拡張現実感により現実空間における光源環境を再現し，その中で対数美的曲面をシミュレーションするシステムを開発した．具体的には，精密な拡散反射色で曲面の映り込みを再現するため，金属半球に反射した光源環境を球面調和解析した結果を用いてレンダリングを行った．また，開発したシステムを用いて，様々な環境下 （晴天，曇天，夕日など） における曲面の印象の違いに関する評価実験を行い，環境が曲面の印象に与える影響を明確にした．In this study, we developed a simulation system that reproduced the light source environment in a real world with Augmented Reality, and simulated a log-aesthetic curved surface in the system. Concretely, this system renders the curved surfaces using the result of spherical harmonics analysis of the light source environment image that is reflected by the metallic hemisphere in order to reproduce the diffuse reflection of the curved surface. Moreover, we experimented in the impression evaluation of curved surfaces under various environments (fine, cloudy, and evening sun, etc.) with the developed systems and clarified the influence of the light source environment to the impression of curved surfaces.

本研究では，デザイナがディスプレイ上に手描き入力した曲線から曲面を創成できるシステムを開発した．また，3 次元位置センサと VR 技術を用いて，創成した曲面のキーラインにおける曲率・捩率変化を直観的に制御可能とした．評価実験を行った結果，従来の数値制御やジョイスティックなどを用いる曲面創成システムに比べ，より短時間での曲面創成が可能となった．We aimed to develop a system to efficiently make a log-aesthetic space curve (key line) from two hand-drawing plane curves drawn into a pen-display device directly and to make a log-aesthetic curved surface using the log-aesthetic space curves. We could intuitively control a curvature and torsion changes of key lines on the curved surface using the location sensor and VR (Virtual Reality). We simulated this system and confirmed that we could control the curved surface more speedily using the location sensor than using a control stick or entering numerical values on a control panel.

The aim of performing a plastic surgery operation of upper eyelids, the problem occurred, completeness of the form made was different greatly for the difference of skill and the sense of the cosmetic surgeon. It was thought that a template of the shape of the upper eyelid is effective for solving its problem. Therefore, in this study, I performed a classification by the upper eyelid's curves. Using its result, I developed and simulated a support system which can make a template shape for a plastic surgery operation. As a result, it was turned out making of the proper template shape of upper eyelid's curves is possible.

<p>非言語コミュニケーションツールとしてピクトグラムが注目されているが，デザイン方法論に関する研究は少なく，直観的にデザインを行っているのが現状である．本研究では，ピクトグラムデザイン方法論の開発，方法論を用いたデザイン支援システムの開発を目的とした．具体的には動詞20語に対するキーエレメントを抽出，情報エントロピーを算出，考察，タイプ分けをした．結果より方法論の開発を行い，システムの開発を行った．</p>

Generally, when designers draw an industrial product, they first input every sets of constitutional points of curves on the sketches drawn by designers into CAD. However, even if designers can draw a plane curve in their mind on the sketches, the compound space curve is not always a log-aesthetic space curve. Then, the aims of this study are to develop a system to efficiently make a log-aesthetic space curve from two hand-drawing plane curves drawn into a pen-display device directly and to generate a log-aesthetic curved surface using the log-aesthetic space curves. And we consider about control of curved surface using the location sensor to get data of the 3D coordinates and the turning angles.

一般的に，製品デザインを図面化する際，デザイナが描いたスケッチ上の構成点を CAD 上に点列として入力し，それらを用いて平面曲線に近似する．次に投影面の異なる 2 本の平面曲線から空間曲線を合成し，その空間曲線をキーラインとして曲面設計を行っている．しかし，デザイナがスケッチ段階で意図した平面曲線を描けたとしても，創成された空間曲線や曲面は必ずしもデザイナの意図した性質を持っていない場合がある．そこで本研究では，デザイナが CAD 上に直接手描き入力した 2 つの投影面における平面曲線から，図面として使える美しい空間曲線を効率的に創成するシステムを開発した．また，創成した空間曲線を用いて美しい曲面を創成するシステムを開発した．本システムによる曲面創成シミュレーションを通して，不明確であった基準線である対数美的空間曲線の捩率変化を同定することが可能となった．Generally, when designers draw an industrial product, they first input every sets of constitutional points of curves on the sketches drawn by designers into CAD. Next, they approximate a plane spline curve using the set of points on a computer and compound a space curve from two plane curves on various projections. Finaly, they make a curved surface by the space curves as a key line. However, even if designers can draw a plane curve in their mind on the sketches, the compound space curve is not always a log-aesthetic space curve. Then, the aim of this study is to develop a system to efficiently make a log-aesthetic space curve from two hand-drawing plane curves drawn into a pen-display device directly and to make a log-aesthetic curved surface using the log-aesthetic space curves. We could identify obscure torsion change of a log-aesthetic space curve through simulating this system.

非言語メディアは本質的に曖昧かつ主観的な記述でしか表現できないという性質がある.これまで,音楽,絵画,造形,モーションといった非言語メディアのデザイン支援の研究は,人工知能とあまり関連づけることなく,また互いにも関連づけることなく進展してきた.しかし,非言語メディアのデザイン支援の研究事例を俯瞰してみると,意外にも共通点が多いことに気づく.例えば,デザイン対象である非言語メディアの表現・記述の階層構造,すでに存在するコンテンツをいずれかのレベルで再利用して新しいコンテンツを生成する方法論,デザインプロセスにおける創造性支援などが共通点としてあげられる.本近未来チャレンジテーマ「事例に基づくデザイン支援と評価基盤の構築」は,「事例」の再利用・転写に焦点を当てて,非言語メディアのデザイン支援評価基盤に取り組むものとして,2002年に提案,採択された.2003年から,5年間のセッションの実施,サバイバルを果たし,今回,卒業となった.この間,「事例」の再利用・転写の技術,アプリケーションに関するテーマを中心に,メディア記述の定式化,「事例」参照デザインの社会インフラストラクチャ構成,評価手法を扱った38件の研究発表がなされ,2006年には,本チャレンジの提案者の一人平田圭二(NTT)の発表が本学会の全国大会優秀賞に選ばれた.本チャレンジ「事例に基づくデザイン支援と評価基盤の構築」が無事卒業となったことで,記念行事を執り行おうというお話がもち上がり,2008年10月4日に2名のゲストディスヵッサント西田豊明氏(京都大学),諏訪正樹氏(慶應義塾大学)をお迎えして,関西学院大学梅田キャンパスで座談会を執り行うこととなった.本稿では,その模様について報告する.

This study shows the algorithm for generating "log-aesthetic curved surface" that are needed to create precise models on CAD systems. first, we defined parameters for controlling proerties of curved surface. These parameters are based on result of curved surface analyses using "Logarithmic Curvature Histgram" and "Logarithmic Torsion Histgram". Second, we defined a log-aesthetic curved surface with the parameters. We developed log-aesthetic curved surfaces generation system with VR and analyzed curvature lines of generated surfaces. We considered operability of controlling logaesthetic curved surfaces. Finally, we could generate aesthetic curved surfaces regularly.

Generally, when designers draw an industrial product, they first input every sets of constitutional points of curves on the sketches drawn by designers into CAD. Next, they approximate a plane spline curve using the set of points on a computer and compound a space curve from two plane curves on various projections. However, even if designers can draw a plane curve in their mind on the sketches, the compound space curve is not always a log-aesthetic space curve. Then, the aim of this study is to develop a system to efficiently make a log-aesthetic space curve from two hand-drawing plane curves drawn into a pen-display device directly. This system can also display the log-aesthetic space curve to X-Y and Y-Z projection views for checking the difference between an original hand-drawing plane curve and a plan curve projected from log-aesthetic space curve. Thus designers can evaluate quality of the original hand-drawing plane curves and modify them.

Recently, in the field of industrial design, precise models by CAD systems are required from an earlier design phase. However, designers can't control space curves or surfaces directly on present CAD systems and have an impenetrable difficulty creating precise models because the CAD systems can generate only plane curves or space curves compounded from two plane curves. Due to this limitation, designers must refine clay models made by CAD (NC) data using a lot of labor. This study shows the algorithm for generating log-aesthetic curves that are needed to create precise models on CAD systems and also shows the characteristics of the space curves that compose curvature lines of surfaces. First, we developed a log-aesthetic curve generating system by our algorithm. Second, we analyzed lines curvature lines of various surfaces and clarified the characteristics of the curves. Finally, we could generate aesthetic surfaces of log-aesthetic curves regularly placed by using the result of analyses.

Conventionally, when designers generate curves for the plans of products, they input a set of constitutional points of curves in the sketches to a computer, and interpolate them using a spline curve in CAD. Forthermore, they correct the curvature change of the curve for getting an aesthetic curve. However, there are few systems to support this operation. Then, the aim of our study was development of a system that generate aesthetic curves available for the plans from the sketches. Concretely, we extract "Tone Median Line (TML)" from the sketches first. Second, we divide TML into the curvature monotonic curves and replace the curves by visual languages (VLs). Third, we connect these VLs smoothly. As a result, we could generate aesthetic curves efficiently.

When designers design an industrial product, they make it's 3D model in a CAD system. However, by limitations of CAD, it is difficult for them to control space curve constituting the model in order to be an aesthetic curve. And they need a great deal of labor for getting the shape polished. Then, the aims of our study were to propose a quantitative analysis method of the characteristics of a space curve, and to clarify visual languages (VLs) and the combinations of VLs constituting aesthetic space curves with the method. First, we devised the approximation method of the space curve by a polynomial to find an optimum approximation curve from measurement data. Second, we developed the system which extracted VLs of a curve from the radii of the curvature and the radii of the torsion of a space curve. Lastly, we identified VLs of space curves in industrial products.

We held the third meeting at the 19th Annual Conference of JSAI in the series of near-future challenge of Establishing Case-Based Design Support and Assessment Framework. In this Research Notes, following the presentations and discussions made at the meeting, we investigate how we bridge the gap between our design support technology and the contributions to public. We first discuss design support technology for contributing to society development in general, and, then, apply a brief case study to a picture generation system, regarding community support as a contribution to society development. Finally, we briefly mention future work and present ``call for participants'' for our next session in 2006.

Demands for multimedia contents are increasing.

従来より，造形領域におけるデザインプロセスの定式化やその知見を用いたデザイン支援に関して多くの研究がある．しかし，それらは主として造形研究家やデザイナの直感を頼りにしており，形状の物理量などに基づいたものではなかったため，成果の一般的な有用性や適用可能性，説明の科学的な客観性は乏しかった．そこで，本研究では，視覚言語をその物理量から抽出(定式化) することを目指し，自動車の曲線(面) デザインを題材として，その定量化や認知科学的アプローチを試みた．その結果，体系的に定式化された視覚言語を再構成することで，創成(デザイン) が可能となる曲線の解空間全体を同定することが可能となった．

アニメのキャラクター（アニメキャラ）の３次元モデル化における定式化は未だ行われていない．よって，この種の非言語メディアにおいては，まずその記述（定式化）が必要不可欠となる．そこで本研究では人の顔を表した造形物に着目し、フィギア、日本人形、およびリカちゃん人形を事例とした。まず、それら人形間、人と人形間を比較し、それらの相違点を、次に浮世絵と日本人形、２次元アニメキャラとフィギアの曲線を比較し、それらの相違点を明確にした。これにより、各人形や浮世絵，２次元アニメキャラの造形様式の定式化が行え、ある被験者の顔形状データから、事例に基づく３次元モデルを創成するシステムの知識ベース構築が可能となる。

非言語メディアを論理的に記述し，その内容を他者へ伝達することは一般に困難である．非言語メディアには本質的に曖昧かつ主観的な記述でしか表現できない要素が含まれており，逆にその部分が非言語メディアの存在意義でもあった．このような背景のもと，これまで，音楽，絵画，造形，モーションといった非言語メディアのデザイン支援の研究は，互いに関連付けることなく，個別に進展してきたが，意外に多くの共通事項が存在している．本論文では，非言語メディアのデザイン支援の研究事例における共通点・相違点を整理し，非言語メディアの特徴を活かした応用技術や，メディア情報の変換や統合技術に関する展望を述べる．

今日，ゲームやアニメ作品等で存在する２次元キャラクターを３ＤＣＧ化や立体造形する傾向にある．また，アニメ等の作品自体の人気をも左右するキャラクターデザインは，今後益々重要となると考えた．そこで，フィギュア，日本人形，およびリカちゃん人形の顔の造形間における相違点，またどのように人の顔を抽象化しているかを明確にすることを目的とした．まず，顔の３次元計測を行い，顔の曲面を構成するキーラインとして断面線を抽出した．キーラインにおける曲率半径とその変化の仕方の分析結果，高速フーリエ変換による曲率半径の周波数分析から各々の顔の特徴分析を行った．そして，解析結果の有用性も検証した．

In this study, we made the audio product the case study and extracted the optimal specification of the product in each user group from which a preference type differs using the rough set and the nueral network (Identify Mapping Model). Rough set and identify mapping model have the common feature of "informational compression" and "obtaining various solutions." Then we compared reducts with a high numerical C.I. using rough set and the optimal solution which all searched solution space using Identify Mapping Model, and considered each feature.

Recently, rough set theory (Pawlak, 1982) which can acquire the combinations of the fewest attributes (formal elements) for forming the result (ex ; images) have been applied. Then, we clarified relation between formal elements and images using the rough set using categories added with degrees of comformity, using cars' front view design as a case study, and considered the feature of the knowledge acquired by this technique. Furthermore, we tried to apply the acquired knowledge to design concept planning. Consequently, we considered that available knowledge for a design concept could be acquired by the rough set using categories added with degrees of comformity.

In a character design, a face design is mentioned as most important factor. Then, the female character in comics and animation is used as a case study, we performed the investigation and analysis of a relation between the form-features (an outline, eyebrows, an eye, a nose, a mouth) and images in a face. Moreover, we verified the possibility of prediction of the image from the form-feature and transferring people's feature in a character.

If attractive curves are in natural objects which are not used in artifical objects, they may be applied to shape design. In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing characteristics of curves using their curvature variation. By the method, we analyzed curves in natural and artifical objects, and showed their characteristics. As a result, in curve group of four types intended by designers, accelerative type curves mostly existed in natural objects, and circle arc type curves mostly in artifical objects.

In a general process to design a car with a CAD system, a shape is modeled by fairing measured data of a clay model. The fairing work takes a long time and requires a great deal of labor. To solve the problem, we propose Shape Design System. Using the system, we can create curves with designer's intention, which satisfy designers, and construct a surface using the curves. A curve is created by "Algorithm of Creating the Curve by Controlling it's Characteristics, " based on analysis of measured data. We constructed a surface and evaluated it. As a result, we confirmed that it is a good surface.

Faculty of Systems Engineering was established at Wakayama University in 1996 to yield technologies for the 2lst century and Department of Design and Information Sciences started in april, 1997. This department promotes research and education for design from several information science point of view and for development of novel information system by amalgamation of design and information technology.

代議員

学会の運営，代表者の選挙など

面接授業

放送大学和歌山学習センターでの面接授業を行った．

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

非常勤講師

和歌山学習センターにおける面接授業「手を動かして学ぶ広告デザイン」の実施（講師）。
実施日：2020年11月14日（土）・15日（日）

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

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【国際共同研究強化（A）審査委員】

学術研究の振興を目的とした科研費の審査・評価・交付業務を行っており、その配分審査等を科学研究費委員会において行っている。

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学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読者

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パッケージデザインを行った「有田みかんグミ」に関するもの

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パッケージデザインを行った「有田みかんグミ」に関するもの

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パッケージデザインを行った「有田みかんグミ」に関するもの

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学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

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学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

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小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

オープンキャンパスでの研究紹介

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

和歌山県立自然博物館で行ったニホンオオカミのデモ展示

講演講師等

講師,任期:2017年１０月～

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

オープンキャンパスでの研究紹介

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

査読

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

オープンキャンパスでの研究紹介

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

reviewer

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

参加者役７０名に対し模擬授業を行った．,日付:７月11日

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

学科長としてメディアデザインメジャーの説明を行った,日付:７月１９日

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

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医工連携に関する土曜講座の講演内容

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当センター主催の「土曜講座」において講師を務めた。,日付:9月6日

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小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

オープンキャンパスでの学科紹介（学科長として），研究紹介（教員として）を行った．,日付:7月21日

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和歌山大学前駅開業に伴う，ヘッドマーク，コンパスカードデザインに関するもの．

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講演講師,日付:7月7，8日

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reviewer ,任期:2011.9～2011.11

小・中・高校生を対象とした学部体験入学・出張講座等

オープンキャンパスでの研究紹介,日付:７月

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オープンキャンパスでの研究紹介,日付:８月

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

和歌山大学システム工学部の入試について

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講演講師,日付:2006.2

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

当研究室でデザインしたダストボックスのGマーク受賞記事

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

現在のフィギア造形事情を解説

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

当センター主催の「土曜講座」において講師を務めた。テーマは「美しい曲線とデザイン」である。,日付:2004.2

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

原田研究室でデザインしたダストボックスの紹介(一面トップ)

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

「おもしろゼミ」の中でキャラクターデザインに関する研究を紹介

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

オーガナイザーを勤めた研究会の紹介

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

研究成果に係る新聞掲載、テレビ・ラジオ出演

キャラクターデザインの研究紹介

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

学祭時に行われる公開体験学習講座において,一般市民に対してフォトショップ,イラストレータを使ったCDジャケットデザインなどの講習会を行った。,日付:1999.11～2004.11

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学協会、政府、自治体等の公的委員,任期:2008.1～2009.12

ボランティア活動等

UHA味覚糖の依頼により，地域貢献の一環として，和歌山県，有田市と共同で有田みかん果汁を使った「有田みかんのど飴」のパッケージデザインを行った．,実施者:UHA味覚糖，和歌山県，有田市

ボランティア活動等

UHA味覚糖の依頼により，地域貢献の一環として，和歌山県，有田市と共同で有田みかん果汁を使った「有田みかんグミ」のパッケージデザインを行った．,実施者:UHA味覚糖，和歌山県，有田市

社会との連携を推進する活動

社会連携推進活動

ボランティア活動等

和歌山県酒販協同組合連合会と酒造メーカーの依頼により，地域貢献の一環として，真田幸村由来酒「幸村出陣」「幸村好」のラベルデザインを行った．,実施者:和歌山県酒販協同組合連合会

ボランティア活動等

ＲＴ－ＭＯＶＥＲのラッピングデザイン，展示パネルデザイン，来場者配布用記念品デザイン,実施者:岸和田サテライト

社会との連携を推進する活動

社会連携推進活動

ボランティア活動等

ボランティア活動等,実施者:原田利宣，堀切川和也

社会との連携を推進する活動

社会連携推進活動

ボランティア活動等

ヘッドマークのデザイン,実施者:原田利宣，大野森太郎，堀切川和也，松谷康子

ボランティア活動等

コンパスカード，告知ポスターのデザイン,実施者:原田利宣，大野森太郎，堀切川和也，松谷康子