In multiple-choice problems, incorrect choices that hide correct answer do not play the only significant function. A more significant function is to capture learner errors and provide learners with the opportunity to amend those errors. In this sense, explanation texts for incorrect choices might be important in allowing learners to amend their own errors correctly. In this paper, we term this “meaningful erroneous choice.” We confirm the existence of meaningful erroneous choice through actual problems used in an examination. We then compare choices using a technique of automatic problem generation. The result indicates that the difference between correctness knowledge and incorrectness knowledge plays an important role in problem posing.

In recent years, Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) has been improved with the rapid development of the cerebral function measurement technologies. BMI is used for measuring the brain activity of the subjects and inferring his/her intention. These measuring results can control the devices such as the electric wheelchair or the electric arm directly. Previous studies have such problems that BMI device is not portable, and it takes much time to attach a lot of sensor nodes on the head of the subject. Therefore, we use portable NIRS, because it is easy for the subjects to mount it and their burden is low. This paper describes the analytical method for cerebral blood flow during imagining affirmative or negative answers to the questions. It was verified whether it is possible to use the NIRS as BMI to discriminate the yes answer or no without voice and gesture. In our study, a subject keeps watching the display which shows a yes-no question, he/she imagines affirmative or negative answer to the questions. In the experiment, one test trial is in 30 seconds and it includes 10 seconds task between 10 seconds rests. Each test set consists of 10 trials. One subject has five test set. In our study, we used Wearable Optical Topography WOT-100 as measurement device of NIRS which has 10 channels (ch7-16) of prefrontal cortex. The NIRS data analysis procedure is as follows; in the first step, we used a band-pass filter to select the data of frequencies from 0.02Hz up to 0.1Hz. In the second step, measured NIRS data of each task set is divided into 10 blocks which are included 5 seconds data before the task and 10 seconds data after the task. In the third step, we calculated baseline of measured data from 5 seconds of the beginning and the end of the task blocks, and this baseline fitting is applied to the original data. In the last step, the neural network learned the important elements of the training data and classified the test data. Our method can discriminate between imagining affirmative or negative answers with 70% accuracy. At result, NIRS is useful to discriminate the yes-no answer of the questions. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Background
Erroneous answers in multiple-answer problems not only make the correct answer harder to determine but also indicate why the correct choice is suitable and the erroneous one a mistake when compared to the correct answer. However, it is insufficient to simply create erroneous answers for this purpose: explanations of these answers are also required. Preexisting studies examining functions for generating erroneous answers and their explanations based on this approach are abundant. Nevertheless, a major bottleneck has formed in this research body concerning the related specialized knowledge descriptions that are required for the generation function.

Methods
This paper focuses on the notion that it is easy for teachers skilled in problem solving to express specific problems in written form and amend incomplete knowledge. Furthermore, it examines a method of constructing knowledge while generating and updating knowledge from specific problems.

Result and Conclusion
The suitability of the proposed method was verified by examining actual knowledge constructed by the research subjects.

In recent years, it is difficult to inherit high level sensory skill, because the number of experts is not so much or the experts are too busy to teach their skill to the beginners. Therefore, many learners do the experiential learning through visual and haptic digital teaching materials. In such a system, however, it is difficult to evaluate whether the learner could recognize the sensation and obtain the sensory skill. In the paper, we investigate whether the biological signal such as EEG can be used for the evaluation of the haptic task skill level. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

This paper describes the method for classification of brain state by the measured electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency in directions (up, down, left, and right) imagination. Recently, Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) has been studied in a variety of ways due to the development of brain measurement technology. Therefore, we have used the BMI to identify the human selection of directions. Our method consists of data normalization, principal component analysis and neural network. The maximum value of the identification rate was 46% by using 3 electrodes (F4, F8 and T8) in the previous study. In this study, we improved the learning method of neural network for the improvement of identification rate of brain state. For that purpose, the measurement points of EEG and the number of subjects are increased. As a result, the maximum value of the identification rate was improved. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The Problem Oriented System (POS), SOAP, and Focus Charting are popular methods of recording nursing activities as a way to improve collaborative nursing practices. However, explicit training methods for what and how nurses should write these recording systems for their nursing have not been sufficiently established. In regard to such trainings, we consider that a tutor's thinking process is more important than the actual thinking result (e.g., a comment document). Our approach is to express tutor's intention of teaching as a map in order to develop an educational tool that can be used in trainings on what and how to think in recording their activities. This paper presents an overview of the reviewing tool we developed, which provides tags as criteria of a tutor's judgment. We have confirmed that, at least, the proposed method does not hinder a tutor's review of a nurse's case writing.

We think that to acquire a skill for co-creating knowledge with others cooperatively, it is important to develop meta-cognitive skill, but to do so is not straightforward. In this paper, we attempt to design a thinking skill (particularly meta-cognitive skill) development curriculum for first-year bachelor-degree students on the basis of the results obtained in two preceding studies that we have performed for postgraduate education and those engaged in medical services. To deal effectively with new learning for first-year bachelor students – ‘thinking about thinking’ – we designed a curriculum that gives students a knowledge co-creation programme and thinking externalisation tool to devote attention to the thinking process and to have the bodily sensation of its meaning, and we put it into practice. This paper describes a learning model for thinking skill, which is fundamental to appropriate curriculum design, and discusses the design intention of a curriculum conforming to it and the usefulness of the learning programme through examples of using the thinking externalisation tool in practice. Results show that the learning programme developed in this study is useful for cultivating the meta-cognitive skill of bachelor students.

In this paper, we describe the concept of Simulation of Erroneous Solution (SES) to generate an adequate number of distractors and the erroneous solution in multiple-choice questions. SES is a method of generating a solution from wrong knowledge to wrong answer, by a perturbation from problem-solving knowledge to knowledge of wrong answer derivation. The perturbation is projected on a student's typical error, and the perturbation operator expresses the difference between the erroneous solution and the correct solution. We confirmed that forty eight questions and a hundred twenty eight explanation text about the distractors are automatically generated from seventeen Prolog clauses as knowledge into SES, and the SES has the potential for generating relevant distractors and the erroneous solution.

The authors hold the opinion that to acquire a skill for co-creating knowledge with others cooperatively, development of meta-cognitive skill is important, but to do so is not straightforward. Herein, we attempt to design thinking skill (particularly meta-cognitive skill) development curriculum for first year bachelor students based on the results obtained by two preceding studies we have performed so far for postgraduate education and those engaged with medical services. To deal effectively with new learning for first year bachelor students-" Thinking about thinking" -we designed a curriculum by which students are given knowledge co-creation program and thinking externally tool to devote attention to thinking process and to have bodily sensation of its meaning, and put it into practice. This paper describes learning model for thinking skill which is fundamental to appropriate curriculum designing and discusses design intent of the curriculum conforming to it and usefulness of the learning program through examples of practice using thinking externally tool. Results show that the learning program developed in this study is useful for cultivating meta-cognitive skill of bachelor students.

We aim at developing a semester course to train thinking skills for 1st year bachelor students who just entered a university. Our goal in the educational program is to let learners perceive the isomorphism between thinking process for self-dialogue and one for discussion, and motivate them to learn the logical structure of self-dialogue through workshop and to acquire meta-cognition abilities through leading the discussion. We give knowledge co-creation task with a case that requires them to perform their meta-cognitive activities.

In late years, the ITS which aims at improvement of convenience and the comfort in the road traffic using an information technology attracts attention, and service to deliver useful information quickly by communication among vehicles is flourishing research area. However, vehicles may be distributed sparsely by traffic conditions in VANET, and it is difficult to maintain stability of the communication. Therefore, DTN technology that communication is enabled by permitting a delay even if vehicles are distributed sparsely can be applied in such an environment. However, a delay occurs for the delivery of data when I apply DTN environment. Therefore, it becomes difficult to deliver a reply message to the requesting vehicle due to movement of the vehicle before message arrival. For such a problem, we aim at the arrival rate improvement of the reply message by while the requesting vehicle waits for a reply, advertising the own position on neighboring appropriate vehicles. Then, we evaluated our method which distribute an advertisement to vehicles nearby and suggested the method using the flooding and the method using geocast. We investigated that an arrival rate of the reply message is improved by our proposed method by computer simulation.

We aim at developing a semester course to train thinking skills for 1st year bachelor students who just entered a university. Our goal in the educational program is to let learners perceive the isomorphism between thinking process for self-dialogue and one for discussion, and motivate them to learn the logical structure of self-dialogue through workshop and to acquire meta-cognition abilities through leading the discussion. We give knowledge co-creation task with a case that requires them to perform their meta-cognitive activities. In this paper, we will discuss the theoretical foundation and the design intention of a thinking skill development program. Then, we will report the implementation of the semester program and interesting analysis of the data collected.

The authors hold the opinion that to acquire a skill for co-creating knowledge with others cooperatively, development of meta-cognitive skill is important, but to do so is not straightforward. Herein, we attempt to design thinking skill (particularly meta-cognitive skill) development curriculum for first year bachelor students based on the results obtained by two preceding studies we have performed so far for postgraduate education and those engaged with medical services. To deal effectively with new learning for first year bachelor students—“Thinking about thinking”—we designed a curriculum by which students are given knowledge co-creation program and thinking externally tool to devote attention to thinking process and to have bodily sensation of its meaning, and put it into practice. This paper describes learning model for thinking skill which is fundamental to appropriate curriculum designing and discusses design rationale of the curriculum conforming to it and usefulness of the learning program through examples of practice using thinking externally tool. Results show that the learning program developed in this study is useful for cultivating meta-cognitive skill of bachelor students.

In this research, by developing the learning support system for medical services, we will establish an approach that supports the medical profession novices to improve the proficiency of view of patient-centered medical services. In this paper, as a first step of the project, we organized a learning model which promotes reflective learning the case-method for medical service education. As an implementation of the learning model, a learning environment that support learners to reflect on their thinking process in their experiences by a learning strategy which consists of three case-writing

We will create an educational program that practices a knowledge co-creation process by training thinking skills of diverse persons in the medical service field. They discuss problems that often no definite answer from different viewpoints. They could take each other’s viewpoints into account, and create high quality knowledge by taking advantage of their differing viewpoints and synthesizing them. Our final goal is to construct a methodology of the educational program and its main principles by knowledge scientifically approaching it, and designing, executing, analyzing and revising it continuously.

We study about a method to describe knowledge for generating an adequate number of multiple-choice questions. We focus on the fact that instructors can easily explain concrete multiple-choice questions, even if they cannot describe the domain knowledge completely. We propose the Environment of Abstract Rule (EAR), which enables an instructor to describe abstract knowledge by explaining the difference among some concrete multiple-choice questions, and by representing the knowledge in the form of a diagram. In this paper, we describe the concept of EAR and report the results of a preliminary experiment in which we explored whether instructors could describe knowledge easily. As a result, we suggest that the EAR has the potential for generating appropriate knowledge.

The paper describes the our proposed pedestrian navigation system considering a street illumination sensing. The system provides pedestrians with an adequate route based on both of street illumination and distance to the destination. The system evaluates the cost of the route distance and the unsafe cost of the road illumination and finds the best route using Dijkstra graph search algorithm. In our system, wireless sensor network technology is applied to obtain the street illuminations.

<p>This paper describes a method to recognize and learn a character handwritten in the air. This recognition method uses the motion direction instead of positions of the device. It also doesn't use the information of pen up and down. It selects and orders character candidates with DP (dynamic programming) matching. To use this matching, at first, we analyzed standard character shapes and made penalty codes and dictionary. However, the recognition rates was not stable. Therefore, we adopted Genetic Algorithm in order to define those parameters. As a result, we get general penalty codes which doesn't depend on users and dictionary. And we improve recognition rates of bad operator by learned dictionary. But recognition rates with evaluation data by learned dictionary is not so effective compare with learned penalty codes.</p>

Training in realistic drawing is a basic technique of art education. Even though a novice artist may feel something is wrong in his or her sketch, the novice often cannot explain what the errors are. It is typical for a drawing teacher to try to advise a student about errors during drawing training by using analogical explanation. Analogical explanation provides the learner with an image of a solid that reflects his or her errors. However, the significance or merit of this kind of explanation is not well understood, even though the importance of learning by error is well known in practical education conditions. This paper describes a technique for error awareness in pencil drawing. The technique involves the creation of a three-dimensional model that reflects the learner's errors as acquired from a scanned digital image of the learner's pencil drawing.

This paper has described a real time interpolation technology for haptic information using case base. To share haptic data in multiple points, we must send complete haptic data. However, in the transmission line, packet loss and noise are occurred sometimes. In this situation, users don't sense correct force. We developed new interpolation method for haptic sense data without conventional mathematical approach. We can interpolate haptic information lag and loss using case-based approach. In our method, the system selects a suitable case and reconfigures it to fit the error. © 2010 ISAROB.

In a message ferry technology for sparse ad hoc networks, a ferry node stores a message from a source node and carries it to the destination node. In this technology, message ferry route design is one of the most important technical issues. To improve the performance, we propose a cluster-based route design where the ferry moves along the path formed by the centers of the clusters.

初心者のための鉛筆デッサンの基礎は，対象を見えたまま正確に描きとる写実であり，獲得が難しい技能である．初心者は自己の写実の誤りに気づくことができない，あるいはデッサン画全体に漠然とした違和感を感じることができても，具体的に写実の何が誤りかを判断できず，同じ誤りを繰り返す．反復練習を指導する教師は，写実の誤りを理解させるため，描く対象と異なった立体物をイメージさせるたとえ（比喩）を用いる．学習者は比喩説明を聞く過程で徐々に，明らかに異なるイメージの写実と感じるようになり，ついに自己の写実の誤りに気づくと考えられる．本論文は学習者の鉛筆デッサン画像に含まれる写実の誤りを顕在化した三次元モデルを構築する手法を検討する．本手法は誤った写実による1 枚の画像から，誤りを映し出し，かつ直感的に不自然さを感じさせる三次元モデルを構築する．写実の8 種の誤りを対象に，デッサン画像の誤りを特徴づける15個の特徴量を用いて三次元モデルのスケーリング変換を定義した．三次元モデルを表示する顕在化ツールを実装した．学習者が本ツールを用いることで，鉛筆デッサンに含まれる写実の誤りに気づきやすくなると期待できる．本研究の一部は文部科学省科学研究補助金基盤研究（B）（2）（課題番号：163000369）による．

This paper describes the on-line handwritten character recognition method in an arbitrary place without the information of up and down moving of the pen lifting. This method can be applied to the character interface (aerial handwritten character recognition device) with which the user moves the hand in the air. To realize the system, we selected the gyro sensor for the aerial handwritten character recognition device. This device can detect the moving direction. The advantage of this device is able to be used anytime and anywhere like a pen. It is not necessary to preparer the table in order to detect absolute position. We developed the blackboard model recognition system that includes 2 types DP matching recognition programs. The system is able to recognize the Japanese hiragana characters in 84% accuracy.

Japan suffers from a high number of earthquakes, so the technology for an earthquake observation is highly demanded. One of information on an earthquake is seismic intensity information which is measured with seismic intensity meters and is announced by the media such as TV. The seismic intensity is a value observed at a location where a seismic intensity meter is placed. This means that the seismic intensity shows wide area information such as administrative districts, e.g., city, town or village. However sites where equal seismic intensity was observed would not necessarily suffer the same damage, because damage depends on the type of construction and on the nature of the seismic motion. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the individual damage in personal area. In order to measure all the locations, it is necessary to place huge number of seismic intensity meters. In the paper, we develop the system which can observe an earthquake by using wireless sensor network technology. We use wireless nodes equipped with acceleration sensors. The system can provide useful information to predict the individual damage.

We developed an interactive learning environment for drawing skill based on perspective. The environment supports function for learners to diagnose error of drawn lines based on perspective by themselves. The environment does not fix motif for drawing, although motif is limited to 3D figure that consists of flat surfaces.

Skill, such as arts, sports and crafts, is regarded as a cycle that consists of the following three steps: recognition of objects, selection of appropriate action series and execution of the action. In arts and crafts, people produce works as a result of this cycle. Skill-learning environment should involve diagnosis-function providing appropriate advice for each step. This paper describes technique that is providing advice in real time when a learner learns recognition of drawing. To assist learners' recognition, we developed the sketch-area-dependent advising system that presents advice with voice for learners' drawing. The effectiveness of advice was confirmed through an experiment evaluating proposed technique.

筆者らは,自閉症者を対象としたディジタル教材の個別製作支援システムの開発を行っている.特に,本論文では自閉症者の認知面における発達段階を考慮したディジタル教材の製作支援法について述べる.主要な課題として,学習者の認知発達段階を表現する手法と,認知発達段階をディジタル教材に反映させる手法の2点が挙げられる.筆者らは前者に対し,指導者がディジタル教材製作時に想定する自閉症者の認知発達段階に特化した学習者モデルを構築することにより解決した.一方,後者に対しては,学習者モデルとディジタル教材の関係を教材構成知識で記述することにより解決した.システムを用いた評価の結果,学習者モデルを用いた教材製作の有効性が示唆された.

We developed an arm motion animation system that can show learner’s arm motion on real time with magnetic position sensors. The learner can see his/her arm motion from any point of view with the system. We applied the system to sketch learning environment. We developed a sketch learning support system that diagnoses learner’s arm motion and advises adaptively.
Sketch drawing is a skill. It is important to diagnose not only completed work but also recognition, motion, and selection of action. The system in this paper is regarded as a motion diagnosis system.

Skill knowledge is important human knowledge as well as symbolic knowledge. Definition of skill knowledge is knowledge on high level technique that human acquire through repeated training. Skill knowledge is needed for arts, sports and crafts. It concerns human body structure, muscles, and joints. Also, skill knowledge concerns process of human interaction with objects, namely, recognition and action. There are many researches on learning support system for describable knowledge, such as mathematics, physics, grammar, etc. However, there is few pieces of research on learning support system for skill such as arts and sports. This paper analyses skills and generalize skill features. Then we describe problems to diagnose skill errors. After that, we introduce a learning support system for sketch as an example of a skill learning support environment.

Context-aware computing that recognizes the context in which a user performs a task is one of the most important techniques for supporting user activity in ubiquitous computing. To realize context-aware computing, a computer needs to recognize the user's location. This paper describes a technique for location detection inside a room using radio waves from a user's computer. The proposed technique has to be sufficiently robust to cater for dynamic environments and should require only ordinary network devices, such as radio signal emitters, without the need for special equipment. We propose performing localization by relative values of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) among wireless nodes, and also our system support the node mobility. We evaluate the performance of our system in the environment where the node is movable.

This paper describes the production of digital educational content which is reflected development stage of each autistic person. There are issues to model learner's developmental stage and to reflect it to the digital educational content. Therefore, we propose student model which consists of three acknowledgement skills (Language, Figure, and Matching) and correspondence rules which describes the relation between the student model and the digital educational content. Then, we developed the authoring system which consists of the student model and the correspondence rules. Instructors evaluated this system. Effectiveness of the system is turned out by the evaluation.

This research describes the analysis of a decision tree to interactively make rules from data that includes noise. A decision tree is often used in data mining technology because classification rules generated by the decision tree form new knowledge for the domain. However, it is difficult for a non-specialist user of data analysis to discover knowledge even if the decision tree is presented to the user. Moreover, the target data for raining may have both discrete values and continuous values, and these may include a lot of noise and exceptions. To understand the rules, the user needs the intermediate results of mining. Our system has interactive functions to realize interactive mining, and in this research, we propose a data mining technique with an interpretation function so that the user can understand analyzed data from which a required rule is derived.

Context-aware computing that recognizes the context in which a user performs a task is one of the most important techniques for supporting user activity in ubiquitous computing. To realize context-aware computing, a computer needs to recognize the user's location. This paper describes a technique for location detection inside a room using radio waves from a user's computer. The proposed technique has to be sufficiently robust to cater for dynamic environments and should require only ordinary network devices, such as radio signal emitters, without the need for special equipment. We propose performing localization by relative values of RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) among wireless nodes. Furthermore, we use SVM (Support Vector Machine) to find the criteria for classification (whether a node is inside or outside a given area), in the case where absolute RSSI values are used for localization.

"ROSAI" hospital, Wakayama City in Japan, reported that inpatient's bed-downfall is one of the most serious accidents in hospital at night. Many inpatients have been having serious damages from downfall accidents from a bed. To prevent accidents, the hospital tested several sensors in a sickroom to send warning-signal of inpatient's downfall accidents to a nurse. However, it sent too much inadequate wrong warning about inpatients' sleeping situation. To send a nurse useful information, precise automatic detection for an inpatient's sleeping situation is necessary. In this paper, we focus on a clustering-algorithm which evaluates inpatient's situation from multiple angles by several kinds of sensor including night-vision CCD camera. This paper indicates new relief algorithm to improve the weakness about exceptional cases.
© (2005) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This paper describes a classification criteria-structuring method for handling exception cases. Clustering technology is utilized to classify large amounts of data effectively. In current clustering technology, however, it is impossible for a system to classify all data completely, due to exceptions in the data. In an ubiquitous computing environment, exceptions arise due to changes in the environment. We propose an architecture in which the system changes classification criteria and rules using constructive induction.

Context-aware computing that recognizes the context in which a user performs a task is one of the most important techniques for supporting user activity in ubiquitous computing. To realize context-aware computing, a computer needs to recognize the user's location. This paper describes a technique for location detection inside a room using radio waves from a user's computer. The proposed technique has to be sufficiently robust to cater for dynamic environments and should require only ordinary network devices, such as radio signal emitters, without the need for special equipment. We propose a topological model representing the structure of rooms in a building, and describe a room-detection method using this model.

We are developing a sketch learning support system that advises the way of modification to learners on their way in drawing a sketch. It is important to draw motif as it is when we draw a sketch. It is difficult for novice learners to grasp the form of motif or relation of position because they don't know the features they should focus on or take notice. Therefore, novice learners need some advice for sketch learning. We are developing sketch learning support system that advises the way of modification to learners on their way in drawing sketch. The advice system consists of area-dependent advice system and hand & arm motion advice system. Area-dependent advice system offers advice according to the way of drawing a figure when learners begin to draw the figure. Hand & arm motion advice system offers advice according to the way of moving hand & arms and modification method on their way in drawing sketch. We expect high learning effect with these real time advice systems.

特殊教育では,学習者ごとの学習能力や生活環境が大きく異なるため,個々の学習者に応じて教材が製作されている.デジタル教育コンテンツは,反復学習に向いている,メディアを使った質の高い教材を製作できる点を活かし,実際に利用されている.しかしながら,製作には,コンピュータの専門技術を要するため,手軽に製作する環境とはなっていない.本論文は,学習者の実態,教え方,学習対象のモデルを元に,教材のカスタマイズを行う技術を提案する.

ネットワークは,文字,映像,画像の転送を行えるが,動きを転送することができない.本稿では,アクチュエータの汎用的な動きを転送し,各ローカル環境における異なるアクチュエータでできるだけ同じ動きを再現するシステムを提案する.対象にコーヒーメーカーを取り上げ,物理状態の記述言語を作成し,工業用ロボットハンドと自動販売機(エミュレーター)において共通の振る舞いを実現できた.

To reuse an electronic educational material, a teacher has to understand its availability and methodology. This paper proposed the technique of integrating electronic class text, such as HTML/XML, into automated records of activities in a class. Our hypothesis is that an activity has influence on both the automated records and the class text. Currently, we have held evaluation experiment. We designed structured record expression and event rules. Our system integrates a class text into automated records by forward deductive inference.

To reuse an electronic educational material, a teacher has to understand its availability and methodology. This paper proposed the technique of integrating electronic class text, such as HTML/XML, into automated records of activities in a class. Our hypothesis is that an activity has influence on both the automated records and the class text. We designed structured record expression and event rules. Currently we have held an evaluation experiment in real classes. The system integrates a class text into the records by forward deductive inference.

In a lesson, a teacher requires to understand immediately the student their errors and give them adequate advice. As teaching training, teachers often visit an expert teacher’s class to observe the teaching and record the lesson by a video camera to analyze teaching skills. Although it is satisfactory to analyze the whole lesson, it takes much time to analyze and to search good advices in the long tape. Then, in this paper, the automatic method of dividing the record of the lesson is proposed so that it may refer to the specific advice directly. We developed a prototype system that records activities in the lesson and constructs a database for sharing among teachers. We confirmed the effectiveness of our system through the experiment.

This paper describes the agent system which predicts other agent actions using the reinforcement learning. We have been developing the agent which determines actions being conscious of the effect of action. In the system, the agent not only constructs its self-conscious action model, but also learns the model of other agent actions. We also consider the effective action determination method of agents.

鉛筆デッサンの基礎学習は,対象物の正確な写実の訓練といわれている.鉛筆を用いて画用紙に写実する初学習者の誤りを,任意の視点から対象物を見せることで,顕在化する手段を提案する.実験を通した評価についても述べる.

A picture is one of important research subjects in order to make our life spiritually rich. Most studies on pictures, however, only propose some substitute functions of actual drawing or painting materials. There is no system that evaluates pictures drawn by users and gives advice about them. We propose an educational software for beginners in basic pencil drawing. Our system receives a subject (motif) data set and an image of a user's sketch and returns advice to the user. The processing is composed of the four functions: feature extraction of motifs, feature extraction of sketches, error identification, and generation and presentation of advice. We developed and experimented a prototype system limited to treat a basic motif and some principal advice. As a result, the validity of the proposed system was confirmed.

This paper describes a medical knowledge and information retrieval system for general practitioners. Every year, the number of patients is increasing, but the general practitioners specialized in the lifestyle-related illness as diabetes are insufficient. The general practitioners are too busy to study bran new knowledge and information of their medical fields. Hence we have developed a medical information system, which has a semantic search function, was developed using a medical ontology that represents medical terminology semantic structure.

A picture is one of important research subjects in order to make our life spiritually rich. Most studies on pictures, however, only propose some substitute functions of actual drawing or painting materials. There is no system that evaluates pictures drawn by users and gives advice about them. We propose a learning support system for basic techniques in beginner's pencil drawing. The proposed system receives a subject (motif) data set and an image of user's sketch and returns advice to the user. The system is composed of the four subsystems: feature extraction of motifs, feature extraction of sketches, error identification, and generation and presentation of advice. We developed and experimented a prototype system limited to treat a basic motif and some principal advice. As a result, the validity of the proposed system was confirmed.

A picture is one of important research subjects to make our life spiritually rich. Most studies on pictures, however, only propose some substitute functions of actual drawing or painting materials. There is no system that evaluates pictures drawn by users and gives advice about them. We propose a learning support system of beginner's pencil drawing that is the basis of pictures. Our system receives a motif data set and a user's sketch image, and returns advice to the user. The processing is composed of the four functions: feature extraction of motifs, feature extraction of sketches, error identification, and generation and presentation of advice. We developed and experimented a prototype system limited to treat a basic motif and principal advice. As a result, the validity of the proposed system was confirmed.

This paper proposes a filtering method on Web browsing. Some papers have reported that a user's interests shift continuously during browsing. To facilitate the user's browsing, a filtering system must adapt to the user's shift of interests. On the assumption that the user's interests are reflected in browsing page content and order, we have proposed Context-Sensitive Filtering (CSF) for a hypertext CD-ROM encyclopedia. In the encyclopedia, the entire hypertext is controlled to have one topic per page. We confirmed effectiveness of CSF for the encyclopedia. However, effectiveness of CSF for the Web was not confirmed. We inferred that the reason of failure is the difference in page properties of the Web and the encyclopedia. This paper describes modeling and CSF improvements. Main improvements include dividing a Web page to approximate an encyclopedia page and augmenting model calculation with TF-IDF. We confirmed effectiveness of proposed CSF through comparing several filtering methods.

To reuse an electronic educational material, a teacher has to understand its availability and methodology. This paper proposed the technique of integrating electronic class text, such as HTML/XML, into automated records of activities in a class. Our hypothesis is that an activity has influence on both the automated records and the class text. We designed structured record expression and event rules. The system integrates a class text into the records by forward deductive inference.

現在,心を豊かにすることに関する研究がさまざまな分野で行われている.その対象の1 つとして絵画がある.絵画に関する研究は数多く行われているが,実際の画材の代替機能に関するものが主流であり,描かれた絵画を評価し,描き方を指導するシステムは存在しない.そこで,絵画の基本であるデッサンに対象をしぼり,初心者が画用紙に鉛筆で描くデッサンの学習支援システムを提案する.提案システムは,デッサン画像とモチーフ情報とを入力とし,評価およびアドバイスをユーザへ返すものである.その処理は,デッサンの特徴抽出,モチーフの特徴抽出,デッサンの誤りの同定,アドバイスの生成と提示の4 つの機能で行われる.モチーフを皿とジョッキに限定し,構図や形状に関する主要なアドバイス11 項目の処理を行うプロトタイプシステムを作成して試用実験を行い,提案システムの有効性を確認した.

We propose a method of information filtering for Web browsing based on a model of user's interests. We have already proposed Context-Sensitive Filtering (CSF) for browsing on CD-ROM encyclopedia, which follows up shifting user's interests in this case. We confirmed the effectiveness of CSF. However, it is not very effective for Web browsing. We assumed that one of the reasons is the difference of pages between the Web and CD-ROM encyclopedia. We describe improvements of modeling to estimate user's interests and filtering method by dividing Web pages. We confirmed the effectiveness of our filtering through an experiment to compare several filtering methods.

In a pencil drawing class, a teacher explains often the differences between a drawing and a motif by many ways; even so, it is difficult for most learners to understand the existence of errors in his/her drawing. When a learner watches the 3D model of his/her drawing from appropriate viewpoints, he/she is immediately aware of the errors. This paper describes the technique of error visualization from a learner's erroneous drawing. We developed a drawing advice system that consists of a 3D model converter from a 2D image and an evaluation function to estimate the effect of the 3D model. We designed a geometrical formula that expresses the relation between the geometrical feature and the error expression in the teacher's advice.

学習者にとって、問題解決の誤りは、学習のきっかけを与える貴重な機会である。誤りから学習を発生させるには、誤りの気づきが必要不可欠となる。本稿は、プログラミングの誤りを学習者に気づかせる誤り顕在化ツールの設計について述べている。プログラの振舞いを表すモデル、誤りの見え方を評価する条件、顕在化ツールの設計について述べている。

サーフィングからの調べ学習の支援機能について述べる。次にフィルタリング手法について述べる。検索結果の過多は、学習効果を失わせる。検索の負荷を軽減することにより、学習効果を高める手法について述べる。

電子補助教材を使った問題演習における解法の比較機能の設計について述べる。主な機能は、解法の相違点の説明文生成機能、比較対象の問題検索機能、分類問題の生成機能である。これらの機能は、筆者らが提案したモデル表現を利用している。

Browsing is one of the most popular ways to gather information in database with hypertext structure. In the brows-ing, a user continuously searches nodes which include use-ful information for her/him. Her/his interests, then, often change while the browsing. We call this type of brows-ing” context-sensitive browsing” in order to distinguish it from browsing with consistent interests. In this paper, we propose a method to filter the links in hypertext based on the user's browsing history. We assume that even when a user browses, following changeable interests without a clear task, the user’s current interests are reflected in the content and order of nodes in the browsing history. The filtering method models user's current interests from the user's browsing history and puts the next choices in or—der of the nearness to the interests. We call the filtering method" context-sensitive filtering”. We have developed a browsing support system with this method for an encyclopedia in CD-ROM format. The results of an experimental evaluation, by real users, are also reported.

再帰プログラミングの初学習者を対象とした、コンピュータによる補助教材の設計について述べている。学習者の認知的な負荷の軽減するため、アルゴリズムをくみ上げるための解法を提案する。提案表現では、再帰の手続き過程を2つの反復を用いて表現する。市販教科書による学習と、提案手法による学習の比較を行う実験について報告する。

Browsing is one of the most popular ways to gather information in hypertext, for example, digital libraries or WWW. The surfing has a learning effect as its secondary one, although the purpose of the surfing is not learning. It is difficult to control the learning process from the educational viewpoint. However, the amount of knowledge gathered during browsing cannot be disregarded. Therefore, the way to support learning from browsing is an important issue in learning systems.
Usually, the browsing is carried out under a clear task. However, people often browse WWW or CD-ROM encyclopedia without a clear task. Such Browsing is called "surfing." In surfing, educational interruption may be allowed, because the purpose of surfing is only to surf. During surfing, user's interests often shift depending on the collected information, it is not haphazard one (so, we often call surfing "context-sensitive browsing"). As a first step to realize the support facilities for learning from surfing, we propose a filtering method to support surfing. In surfing, a user is often provided too many choices to reflect the collected information. In such situation, because user's cognitive load is heavy, learning from surfing is inefficient. In the filtering method, the shifting interests are modeled and the choices are ordered following the interests. The user may afford to learn from the collected information, because the load to find adequate information is reduced.
In this paper, we propose a filtering method for surfing. We have implemented it for CD-ROM encyclopedia. The results of experimental evaluation are reported in this paper.

ハイパーテキストCD-ROM事典を対象に、ページ検索の質を向上させるフィルタリング技術について報告している。先行研究のモデルの特徴比較について述べている。また、フィルタリングシステムに利用可能な条件について述べている。最後に実装したシステムの性能について述べている。

It is very important task for a student to compare between problems in exercises. To help him/her to compare between problems in an educational system, it is necessary to define a problem representation and control the comparisons by using the representation. In this paper, we propose a representation for comparing between two problems in education of recursive programming. Second, we present a design of functions of comparing between problems which are (a) generating explanation of differences and similarities between two problems, (b) searching problems for comparisons, and (c) generating exercises of grouping problems. We have also implemented an educational system which helps a student to compare between two problems. We describe an experimental evaluation of the functions.

プログラミングを行うためには,プログラムは少なくとも,プログラムの動作について明確に理解しておく必要がある.しかしながら初心者の場合プログラムの個々の命令の振舞いを理解できても,プログラム全体の動作を正しく理解できなかったり,プログラム仕様から動作を想定できない場合がよく見られる.このような初心者を対象とする場合,動作とプログラムコード,動作とプログラム仕様の対応関係について説明することが重要となる.本論文では動作の理解が特に難しい再帰プログラムを対象に,プログラムの動作を介したプログラミングを支援する知的教育システムについて述べる.筆者らは再帰プログラミングのモデルを想定した上で,学習者にとって理解が容易となるようにプログラムの動作を表現し,これをプログラムの振舞いと呼んでいる.本論文ではこの振舞い表現を用いて,再帰プログラムの設計過程および理解過程を支援する方法について論じる.特に,雛形を用いた解法による設計過程の支援ならびに,振舞い表現の可視化による理解過程の支援について述べる.更に振舞い表現の評価実験についても述べる.

This paper aims at designing an instructional system that teaches recursive programming to a novice programmer. In order to reduce a cognitive load which the novice bears in constructing algorithms in recursive programming, we propose the algorithm and solution for constructing the algorithm. The algorithm represents simple recursion as two iterations. We had an experiment to confirm if the instruction based on the solution is more effective than a programming textbook. As a result, the instruction had a significant effect. We have also designed an instructional system which helps the novice adaptively acquire the solution.

教育システム情報学会から用語解説記事の執筆依頼を受け寄稿した。電子透かしをテーマに、背景、目的、技術概要、応用について述べた。

看護師の成長にとって，医学的な学習知識の学習のみならず，日々の業務経験から実践的な思考力を習得できることは重要である。筆者らは，社会人専門職が、一旦、業務の手を止めて、冷静に自らの思考の妥当性・合理性を分析する研修法の確立，および，その活動を支える教材の設計を目指し，大学病院看護組織と連携して「看護思考法研修」を実施してきた。研修では，病院看護師が，自らの業務体験における思考を言葉に書き表すことで，思考の問題点を見出して修正する。本稿では，実際の看護思考から見出された問題点を整理する。

実践的知識を経験から学ぶ病院看護師にとって，自身の思考の誤りを自身の力で診断できる必要がある．看護思考では，悩みが言葉に表せないこと，論理的な精査ができないこと，判断の根源的な理由を分析できないこと，異なる思考との対比ができない特性に注目し，業務時間外の研修に特化し，看護思考を表す規約を設定した．本稿では，思考の誤りを規約に対する違反として顕在化するツールの設計について，特に，論理的な関係の精査を促す設計について述べる．

Through learning from their experiences, hospital nurses learn how to diagnose their own thoughts. We focus on properties of hospital nurses’ thinking, we provide representation of thinking to find errors against rule of the representation and design a tool for writing down their thoughts.

The constitution of the learning support approaches which we proposed here including: prompting the association of the learners’ nursing practice experience with the nurse thinking skills; enhancing the control of realizing the learning conditions and their changes; prompting the continue of learning nurse thinking skills base on the learners’ own conditions of learning.

Through the problem solving process during daily hospital nursing practice, it is quite difficult for the nurse to pay attention to the learning of this kind of meta-level thinking skills. We have held workshops in order to recognize the importance of self-regulated learning at university hospital since 2011. This paper describes about an organization of learning goals and design of educational systems which assist learning activities in the workshop.

異文化理解における対立が，無自覚に絶対視する信念の矛盾が原因の一つと考え，信念を言葉に言い当てる「解明」を自問自答によって促す表現フレームを設計し，実際の被験者の解明の促進を確認した。

本稿では,思考法研修である「思知ワークショップ」において研修前と研修後の「思知ケース」上での変化に注目し,自分の思考を言葉で表現することを手伝う「思知ツール」と,思考の論理関係を図で表現する「悟知ツール」を用い分析を行った.

Our society is becoming globalized in recent years. There, imposing values of own culture has become a barrier to cross-cultural understanding. We need to have an attitude of respecting other cultures in order to avoid belief conflict. In this research, we use the Dissolution Frame to write down opinion, belief, and background. Our system provides a generic question to stimulate a learner's analysis of more different thinking.

教育設計の合理的な構成を明らかにするために，設計方法・支援ツールに関する研究成果が積み上げられている．正解のないような実践問題の解決において，学習者の経験を基礎にして自ら知識・スキルを構築していくことは重要である．このような知識構築型教育をモデリングすることは簡単では
ない．その原因は，学習目標，目標の達成を反映する学習者のパフォーマンス，パフォーマンスの向上と学習活動の繫がりなどの教育設計の構成要素とそれらの間の絡み合いは不明確なところが多いからと考える．さらに，このような高度な学習を支援するために，設計が不明確なままに，足場作りを始め，様々教育方略が暗黙的に適応されることがあり，その設計意図の共有は極めて困難である．本研究は，オントロジーを用いて，知識構築型教育の設計構成要素とその間の関係性に関する概念を整理するうえで，設計知識・原則を体系化する．さらに，知識・原則が組み込まれたモデリング支援ツールを開発することで，設計者間に教育の設計意図の共有を支援することを目指している．

看護師にとって実体験を積み重ねるごとに，ここから実践的知識を学びとることが肝要である．病院看護組織と連携して実体験から実践的知識を学ぶための研修を 6 年間に渡り実施してきた．そこで収集した事例をベースに，看護師の思考スキルを整理し，看護師の悩みを生み出しやすい内容を調査した．参加した看護師の約 6 割に悩みを他者と共有することに問題が認められた．約 4 割は実体験から実践的知識の構築に問題を認めた．

：本稿では、自分の「ものごと」の考え方（思考）について根源的な理由を明らかにするための表現「思知フォーマット」に注目し,思知フォーマットにこめられた著者の思考の意図を読み取るために、視線に注目した分析法を検討した.さらに、思知フォーマット上で記述された事例を熟練指導者と新人指導者の２名による添削を行ってもらい、添削時のログデータを収集・分析し、また添削者自身に対し、事例の筆者の推定について評価アンケートを行った.その結果、ライティング指導者の添削思考を推定する視線パターンの分析及び視線のログデータが思考プロセスを含む可能性を見出した.

メタ思考スキル習得には学習への動機づけを与えることが必要である．学習者が学習不足を認識し現状のメタ思考スキル習得に対する評価基準を見直すことによって学習意欲が向上すると考える．筆者らは，評価基準を看護師自身で見直す一助となる研修の開発を進めてきている．本研究では，受講した看護師の評価基準に対する認識の変化を確認するために，看護職者パフォーマンス表現を用いた自己評価項目を作成し，研修内で使用した．

One the most important role of erroneous choices in multiple-choice problems is to capture learners’ error which they had not noticed in
problem solving. However, many techniques of research about automatic problem generation randomly generate erroneous choices
from correct choice. This paper describes the result of survey for role of erroneous choice in actual problems and design of automatic
problem generation for explaining learners’ error in problem solution.

看護信念対立の葛藤を構成する二つの思考結果である内省的記述の論理性を高めるためには，自己や他者の思考について吟味・洗練するメタ思考活動を実践することが必要である．本研究では，内省的記述を吟味・洗練する批評活動をメタ思考活動と捉え，メタ思考活動の明示性を高める機能を持つ思考洗練語彙の重要性を学習者に認識させることで，メタ思考スキルの学び方の学びを学習者に促す批評教育プログラムを設計した．

無自覚の信念が相手の信念と対立するゆえに起きた確執に「悩み」を深めているとき，それを「考える」ことができるようになるためには．自らの信念をいったん反故にして，相手の「ものごと」の考える筋道を推しはかる必要がある．本稿では，疑義の余地なき信念を言葉に言い当てることが信念を揺り崩すと考え，自問自答を取り入れたツールの設計について検討する．

多肢選択問題は単に学習者の能力を測定するためのテスト問題の出題形式の一つではなく，より適切な指導のために学習者の誤りを捉えるための手段の一つでもある．それゆえ，多くの教材で利用されており，解答の提示とともに解説文が提供されてきた．問題を自動生成する仕組みを通して，誤りを捉えるための有意味誤選択肢と，見た目が異なる錯乱肢である無意味誤選択肢を機械的に生成する仕組みを通して検討する．

思考をモニタ・コントロールするスキル（メタ思考スキル）を洗練するために議論は有益な学習経験になる．しかしながら，学習対象のメタ思考スキルに暗黙性が高いこと，議論の最中では議論のための思考に認知資源が費やされ，メタ思考スキルの学習に意識を向ける余裕がないこと，など，議論を通じたメタ思考スキルの学習を促すことは簡単なことではない．本稿では，メタ思考スキルの明示化と学習に要する認知資源の適正化のために，メタ思考スキルの学習段階を，議論参加者としての学習とファシリテータとしての学習の２段階に分ける教育プログラムの構成と，その設計意図を明確にする多重ビュー表現について報告する．

In multiple-choice problems, incorrect choices that hide correct answer do not play the only significant function. A more significant function is to capture learner errors and provide learners with the opportunity to amend those errors. In this sense, explanation texts for incorrect choices might be important in allowing learners to amend their own errors correctly. In this paper, we term this “meaningful erroneous choice.” We confirm the existence of meaningful erroneous choice through actual problems used in an examination. We then compare choices using a technique of automatic problem generation. The result indicates that the difference between correctness knowledge and incorrectness knowledge plays an important role in problem posing.

Meta-cognitive is defined simply as cognition about cognition. Through our daily experiences, we notice that we did as higher level some activities than usual cognition. On the other hands, management of university hospital nursing pointed out difficulties of instruction for self-regulated learning in hospital. One reason is considered that teaching method for meta-cognitive skill has not yet been established enough when compared with cognitive skill. We have held workshops in university hospital nursing department since 2010. We organized a learning model which promotes reflective learning of the case-method for medical service education. As an implementation of the learning model, we established a learning environment that supports learners to reflect on their thinking process in their experiences by a learning strategy which consists of three case-writing phases: the description phase, the cognitive conflict phase, and the knowledge building phase. In this paper, we describe an analysis of learners’ errors in the workshop and design of error detection system to assist a tutor’s reviewing.

看護実践をしながら成長していくためには，目指すべきロールモデルを形成しそこに近づき学ぶための努力や労力を適切に自己調整することが大切であるが，こうした学びの自己調整は看護実践をしながら身につけると考えられる。本研究は，看護系大学の学生が臨地実習を経てどのように学びの自己調整を身につけるのかを，１） 学習目標の相対的な重要性，および２）ロールモデルを形成し近づくための学習目標の達成にむけた努力の自己調整，の２点から検討した。２週間の基礎看護学実習に参加した大学２年生と，およそ１年間の領域別看護実習に参加した大学３年生の調査対象者に，筆者たちが作成したロールモデルを形成し近づくために達成すべき看護師の学習目標のリストを示し，対象者は１）自分がロールモデルを形成し近づくために重要だと考える学習目標の順位づけ，および２）これらの学習目標を達成するための労力の割り当てを行った。これらの課題への調査は実習の前後に行った。その結果，大学３年生を対象とした領域別看護実習の前後で有意な変化が認められた。すなわち，実習前ではアセスメントに関する学習目標が相対的に重要であったが，実習後では基本的な態度や技能に関する学習目標が相対的に重要であると回答された。また，実習前は多くの学習目標に均等に労力を割り振っていたが，実習後には特定の学習目標により多くの労力を割り振っていた。これらの結果は，実習の経験によって，基本的な態度の重要性を認識すること，および学習目標の達成に向けてなにを努力するべきかの見極めができるようになることを示唆している。

看護サービスにおける明快な正解のない問題に対する思考を吟味するメタ思考スキルの形成を支援することを目指している．本稿では，メタ思考スキルの学習の質を向上するために，思考の論理構造の明確な表現を促す思考外化支援ツール（思知）を用いて思考を記述して吟味する時の操作ログから，思考の吟味プロセスを再生するツール（思知プレイヤー）について報告する．

本研究では，信念対立の構造を明らかにするケースライティングツール「思知」を教材として，医療現場の異なる専門職者間で生じた葛藤についての議論を通じて，メタ思考への気づきを促し，看護サービス思考力に対する学習意欲を継続させる看護思考力教育法の構築を目指している．本稿では，メタ思考スキル育成の一環として，議論における誘導的な発言を促すカードゲームの開発について報告する．

本研究は，看護の世界で問題となっている「燃え尽き症候群」の解消のために，熟練看護師の指導時の思考を表現する語い体系を構築し，さらにそれを提供する看護師のための指導支援システムを設計・開発した．これにより新人の指導者に指導の足場を提供することができ，看護師の悩みの解消に寄与すると期待できる．

筆者らは平成 22 年度より書くことで思考を訓練する職場研修を実施してきた．本研究の目的は，この研修のために開発した書きやすい表現と眺めやすい表現に対する自動変換手法を検討することである．二つの記述表現を，思考をベースにオントロジーに定義することで思考を通して表現を変換する方法について述べる．

考え方の差を乗り越えて互いを理解する異文化理解態度を涵養する教育プログラムを，信念対立解明アプローチと呼ばれる理論を基礎において開発した．本稿では，この教育プログラムデザインの意図とパイロット実践した結果について報告する。

考え方の差を乗り越えて互いを理解する異文化理解態度を涵養する教育プログラムを，信念対立解明アプローチと呼ばれる理論を基礎において開発した．本稿では，この教育プログラムデザインの意図とパイロット実践した結果について報告する。

看護現場で起こる信念対立を適切に解消し，知識創造に繋げるためのメタ思考スキル教育が求められている．本稿では，看護信念対立場面での思考プロセスを表現する内省的記述を批評する経験を積むことで，メタ思考スキルの学習を促す教育プログラムについて考察する．

暗黙性の高い個人・集団の思考を対象とする教育のモデリングにおいて，思考の振り返りに関する学習活動の間の関係性が経験的に構成されることが多く，何をどのようにモデリングすればいいかは明らかでない．本稿では，看護サービス質の向上を支えるメタ思考スキルの教育に注目し，オントロジーを用いて，メタ思考スキルを育成するための学習経験に関する概念の体系化・構造化による設計意図の表現について報告する．

本研究では，信念対立の構造を明らかにするケースライティングツール「思知」を中核教材として，メタ思考力不足の認識によって看護サービス思考力に対する学習意欲を継続させる看護思考力教育法の構築を目指している．本稿では，学習者のメタ思考力不足の認識と学習意欲の向上の関係について，メタ思考力不足を自覚するための自己評価項目を用いた手法を複数回の研修内で実施して得られたデータを用いて報告する．

This paper describes the analytical method for cerebral blood flow during imagining affirmative or negative answers to the questions by using NIRS. Our method can discriminate which imagining affirmative or negative answers with 70% of precision.

This study aims to develop the education program that improves motivation for learning meta-thinking skill by awareness of its inadequacy. In this paper, we propose to define the four role concepts to relate the professional performances and thinking skills. We developed self-evaluation items to promote awareness of meta-thinking skill inadequacy and proposed a method that is about how to use the items. We report on the relationship between the improvement of motivation for learning meta-thinking skill and the awareness of its inadequacy from the data obtained by the method.

Through the practical research on meta-cognitive skill training method for nurses, we found that the acquisition of metalevel thinking schema is quite hard for nurses through the typical learning methods, such as, reflective journal, narrative
method, logical thinking, or group discussion, that are conducted frequently at the many medical organizations. The one of
major causes of the difficulties is, needless to say, an implicitness of the meta-cognitive process. This paper shows the
learning method reconfiguration model trough the reviewing experiences. The model consists of two-phases of meta-thinking
skill learning activities for nurses to follow: at the first phase, nurses take the role of cognitive skill learner and then at the
second phase, they change the role to the instructors who review the novice learner’s thinking at meta-cognitive level. The
reviewing activity at second phase is carefully designed as an adequate learning experience for learners to realize the metalevel thinking with the aid of the reviewing support environment developed in this research.

他人の学習を支援することで，自分の学習も進むという効果が多くの研究で論じられていたが，学習内容の上の段階にある学び方に与える効果についての研究は十分であると言えない．本稿では，医療サービス質の向上を支える看護思考スキルの教育に注目し，学習を支援される側としての学びが支援する側に進む時のレディネスになり，メタ思考スキルへの学習転移の誘発と繋がる教育設計のモデル化とその意図の明記手法について報告する．

In this research, through the development of a learning environment, we intend to create a program to foster thinking skills in medical professionals. These thinking skills are desired in medical professionals during the process of design, implementation, analyses, and amelioration within the medical services industry. In the past three years, we have expanded the research towards the development of an education program that consists of case writing and discussion in collaboration with medical institutions. In this paper, we focus on reporting the design intention, and in addition put forward the results of the case writing trials of the learning environment "Sizhi" within two major hospitals.

The authors aim at the construction of nursing thinking skills education method for creating the work environment that was filled with the will to co-create knowledge for improving the medical service quality. The method has two educational objectives which are making aware of lack of the competence, and motivating to learn the competence. This paper describes a self-evaluation questionnaire which was developed and the result of the questionnaire that is using the self-evaluation method as a part of educational program.

多肢選択問題は様々な場面に広く利用されており，多肢選択問題を自動生成する研究は多く行われているが，これまで多肢選択問題の誤選択肢についての精密な分析は十分に行われていない．多肢選択問題における誤選択肢の意図・役割や作成過程を分析・整理することは，教師の作問スキルの習得や選択問題の自働生成技術の吟味に貢献すると考える．本稿では，誤選択肢の作成過程の整理に先立ち，実際の多肢選択問題について誤選択肢の分類を試みた．

This paper describes the brain states of haptic and pseudo-haptic recognition in the skill learning supporting system. It is difficult to evaluate human cognition of haptic state only from the observation of human behavior. Therefore, to measure the biological signal of the brain, we have used electroencephalogram. We have evaluated the brain activity in the sensing tasks in order to make a comparison among the several states of the sensing of pseudo-haptic.

護系大学に所属する大学生を対象に看護師のロールモデル行動の選択に及ぼす自己への注意の影響を調査した.その結果自己に注意を向けた学生は自分の生活の管理に関するロールモデルを選択する傾向があった

To enhance collaborative nursing， Problem Oriented System (POS)， SOAP and Focus Charting are popular ways to record nursing activities． However， explicit training methods for these recording ways to reflect own nursing are not established enough． We consider that thinking process of a tutor is more important than thinking result in such education． Our approach is to express thinking process as a map in order to develop educational tool． This paper describes overview of our annotation tool which provides tags as criteria of tutor’s judgment． And also it shows a thinking repository that you can search tutoring cases by selected tags．

【はじめに】医療サービスの質向上のため，看護現場では明確な解がない問題ついて の適切な議論が必要とされている．それについて多数の議論法・思考法の研修がある が，そこから得られた効果を組織にどう定着していくかが問題である．その主の原因 の一つとしては，見えない「思考」について組織全体での学習をデザインすることの 難しさと考えられる．【目的】看護知識をよりよく創造・洗練・共有できる組織とす るための学習プログラムと，知識構築を組織に定着させるための組織イノベーション のロードマップを構築する．【方法】我々は，組織の実状に合った思考法トレーニン グを設計し，思考を見える化にする情報ツールを提供し，見える化された思考につい ての議論法・思考法の学習プログラム知識構築法ワークショップの開発を行い，医療 機関で実行した．さらに知識構築法を実施するコアグループを作り，知識構築法を組 織内で教育・運営できるようにロードマップを作成する．【結論】これまで4病院で7 回のワークショップを実施し，思考力の向上，バーンアウトの抑制に効果があること を確認している．今後，コアグループを拡大し（例えばグループを10人から始め，5 年で50人まで拡大する），これらのコアグループは知識構築法ワークショップの効果 が組織内で持続するようなロードマップを構成する．現在和歌山県立医科大学附属病 院と共同でロードマップの作成と実施について検討中である．

DTN technologies can be applied in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). In this technology, moving vehicles carry data and exchange it as they pass each other. When a vehicle receives a message, the vehicle replies a response message to the sender location. However, due to long latency, the sending vehicle moves from original location where the vehicle sent the message. Therefore it is difficult to deliver a reply message to the sender vehicle by geocast routing. In this paper, to address this problem, we propose a message reply method using advertisement of the vehicle’s current location.

Survey asked not only indirectly, the question needs to be done to set the context that can find the answers are contextual.The paper can not be prepared in advance according to the context of the respondents to conduct in-person survey and respondents, a burden.To develop efficient tools to perform a large number of respondents set the context of minority investigators in electronic format by the questionnaire.

Schein insists that the core of professional skill is found within learning ability of learning activity. Our goal is to design training of reflection for experts. Comparing what has been created by a variety of representations make knowledge creation skills improve. In order to compare experiences, it is necessary to convert between representations of reflection. So we define “thinking”, and we define a representation based on it. Which enables to convert to other representations that describe the experience. Therefore, in this study, we design data base schemer generator from reflection Ontology for integrating cases of nursing reflection. This study enables to building DB schemer automatically based on the definition of an ontology reflecting thinking by the system.

Not all human experts can easily explain all about their knowledge because they can solve problems easily. Problem solving system needs, however, knowledge representation acquired from the experts. In this paper, we discuss about prior studies from knowledge acquisition viewpoints; difficulties
of editing, installed knowledge, acquisition method, scalability and solving ability. The paper describes about our technique, called “EAR Editor”, for knowledge editor. Our research target is that a teacher prepares multiple-choice tests by automatic a tests generator. In our technique EAR Editor provides the teacher convert function from problems edited to knowledge representation automatically. And then the EAR provides with problems from editing erroneous knowledge. And finally, it provides with an editor for knowledge representation. We had held a preliminary experiment to compare our technique and editing knowledge representation directly. The result indicates the effectiveness of our technique.

学習者の学力の向上を目指した授業にとって，定期試験とは，最終結果の学力を明らかにすることであり，同時に授業者にとっては次の授業へとつなげる内省のための重要な機会と言える．従来，採点支援の研究では主に，得点の集計や学習者へのフィードバック作業の効率化を検討していた．本研究では，授業者による採点過程の振り返りを定期試験オントロジーとして明文化し，解答用紙の画像を意味づけ（モデリング）することで，採点の気づきを蓄積し，解答を検索・比較する採点支援の仕組みを検討する．これにより，採点の一貫性を高め，試験問題の出題の品質の向上，翌年度の授業改善効果を期待できる．

本研究では，医療サービスに関する学習支援システムの開発を通じて，医療サービス教育において，医療職の初級段階において、学習者が患者視点での医療サービス観を熟成させることを支援する手法を確立したいと考えている。本稿では，その最初のステップとして，医療サービス教育のためのケースメソッドの設計について背景となる学習モデルを整理し，ケース設計時の知識陳述サイクル＞認知的葛藤＞知識構築サイクルの学習方略を支える学習環境について考察する．

This paper describes the index evaluation of the index brain to select snap shot memory on the multiple indexing generation memory model (Indexing Brain Model). It makes multiple indexes for each memory. An image index associates other images. A symbolic index also associates images. Images are recognized into indexes. To select the memory, the system calculates an index evaluation value to evaluate the number of indexes and their index weight, and selects one snap shot memory with high score index evaluation value.

This paper has described a real time interpolation technology for haptic information using case base. To share haptic data in multiple points, we must send complete haptic data. However, in the transmission line, packet loss and noise are occurred sometimes. In this situation, uses don't sense correct force. We developed new interpolation method for haptic sense data without conventional mathematical approach. We can interpolate haptic information lag and loss using case-based approach. In our method, the system selects a suitable case and reconfigures it to fit the error.

人の推論の柔軟性を見ると、記号処理（表象のある知識）だけで問題解決を行うのではなく、その状況をイメージ化して、再認識を行うことで多くの情報を得ていることがわかる。そこで、人が感覚情報を取り入れた際に、何を持ってインデキシングするのかを考察した。また、表象からイメージの生成（表象ではない表現）とそのイメージの認識による表象の生成の相互作用としての問題解決について論じる。

We developed a sketch learning environment with diagnosis and guidance from rough form drawing to detail contour drawing. We use a cup and a dish as motifs. When a learner uses the environment, at the beginning, the system demands the learner to draw circumscribed rectangle of motifs’ view on a paper. After that, the system diagnoses the circumscribed rectangle, and advises the learner in case that the circumscribed rectangle has errors. The system guides the learner from outline form to detail shape by repeating drawing circumscribed rectangles. We evaluated the environment, and confirmed learning effect.

We have been developing some learning environments for acquiring sketch drawing skill. Previously developed system supported learning with real-time advice during drawing the sketch. However, the previous system forced learners to draw contours of motifs from the beginning. Therefore, it was difficult for novice to learn sketch drawing skill with the previous system. To solve this problem, we suggest a new learning environment that supports learning of sketch drawing skill by guiding process of drawing sketch from composition to contour. We confirmed learning effect with the prototype system by an experiment.

When a tutor teaches a student problem solving, the tutor needs to know student's learning situation. Distance learning through network makes this more difficult. This paper proposes model of distance instruction. The model consists of log, article, student’s status, tutor’s status and reader's status. The model is expected to provide effective function to tutor and student in distance instruction.

地震など災害時の被害情報把握のために,震度情報の利用が重要である。これに対し本研究では,無線センサネットワークおよびセンサデバイスを利用し,加速度センサを用いた地震情報提供システムを構築した。配置済みのセンサノードから加速度情報を取得し地震発生を検知するユビキタス地震観測システムを取り上げ,地震観測プログラムの詳細について述べた。さらにこの地震波形観測システムを実装し,その評価を行った。その結果,観測結果のユーザ提示に約10秒程度の遅延が生じることを確認した。

教員組織において教え方に関する共通の認識を作り上げることにより,授業担当者間で教え方に関する新しい気付きを共有でき,それを積み上げていくことで教え方を成長させられる。本論文では,1)授業アンケートシステム,2)授業の内容を問う診断システム,3)アンケートや診断問題のマークシート認識システム,4)CMS(Courseware Management System)システムといった授業で利用できる情報システムの記録を集約し,学習状態項目と診断問題の成績との関係を分析した。まず,分析データの語い階層を作成し,アンケート設問分野選択問題の選択肢などに語い階層中の語いを対応付けた。次に,プログラミング演習,プログラミングの座学授業など5種類の授業を実施し,1)~4)で得られたデータに語い階層中の語いを対応付けてモデルを作成した。さらに,モデルに含まれる語いの分布分析,及び語い階層に基づくまとめ上げ分析を行う中で生じた新しい気付きに基づいて語い階層やモデルの修正を行い,分析の気付きを積み上げていく方法を示した。

A new type of laborsaving electric wheelchair robot system for inside building use was developed. The electric wheelchair robot system has following three functions. Those are automatic movement, position detector, and fail-safe device. Not only patient but also carers can command this electric wheelchair robot by touch panel interface, and this interface is so easy to reduce their strain while operating the robot. In those 3 functions, automatic movement was already implemented by Line-Trace control with magnetic sensor system. In this study, position detector consists of laser device, CMOS camera and pattern marker sheet was developed. Users can set pattern marker sheet at any point on line trace track line easily, and the wheelchair robot system can detect it as new check point or new station point by position detector.

This paper describes eye motion analysis of sketch novices and experts, and sketch learning support system for novices. We analyzed eye motions of novices and experts by using eye mark recorder. We found that novices take more time to see motifs than experts, and that experts compare shapes of motifs more than novices. We developed a sketch learning support environment that gives area information on real time while novices drawing sketches.

画用紙上にデッサンを描画している時に，モチーフの構図や形状につ いて，ペン先の位置に応じて，アドバイスを提示するデッサン学習支援環境について述べる．

教職員の教え方の熟練に有用となる教育データの分析について、分析の視点を表すオントロジーの活用について構想を述べる。

To provide an environment helpful to make a picture is one of important research subjects in order to make our life rich spiritually. We have been developing an environment for basic sketch learning. Because basic sketching is considered as training for realistic representation, we consider that novices' sketches can be evaluated with comparison of the sketches and the portrayed objects. The proposed environment aids users in learning a basic sketch using real pencils and drawing paper. We adopted the three step method of drawing: outline, half tone, and three grades of light and shade. After drawing, coloring applies. The prototype system deals with a sketch in each step. The input data to the system are a motif data set and an image of user's sketch. The output is advice to the user. The previous system can process pencil drawing of a tumbler and a plate. We are expanding the target to colored sketches of fruits. The current system gives advice on sketches of simple fruits motifs. The proposed system would be useful not only for the support of self-educated novices but also for the auxiliary role of teachers in mass schooling.

This paper describes analysis of learner’s eye behavior, and recognition in sketch drawing. We have been developing sketch learning support system that diagnoses drawn sketch by a learner and advises adaptively how to repair it. Currently the system diagnose only drawn sketch. We plan to develop a system that can diagnose arm behavior and recognition skill. For the purpose, we had some experiments and evaluated the results.

An exercise experts can move their body as they think. A novice's body movement often mismatches as they think. That most of exercise skill process are implicit makes hard to explain about differences between expert and novice in exercise. On the other hand, industrial robots have similar structure to a human hand. This paper describes protocol analysis in industrial robot teaching that is programmed robot hands movement which an operator thinks. We made operation-model for controlling robot hands.

Recently, Web online application, such as member registration, is getting increase. Most online applications require information like name, affiliation and address. Though inputting contents are similar, we have to write differently by each application's format. Web browser's auto complete function and Cookie are useful when past inputted data need no conversion. These browser's function are useless when past inputted data is not match for application format. This paper describes auto complete method that convert past inputted data into formatted data for an application. Our method consists of label and format conversions with application's term hierarchy.

Currently, there is no system that can improve users' skill to draw pictures, although many digital tools for pictures are provided. We have been paying attention to pencil sketch which is a basis of art activities. We developed a study support system for beginners' pencil sketches of a plate and a glass. The motif, a plate and a glass, is good for learning basic sketches. It is, however, not interesting for learners usually. We propose a system for beginners' pencil sketches of fruit. The system evaluates sketches in each phase of outline and shading the same as the previous system. In this paper, we explain the details of the system for outline sketches of fruit which has different processing from the previous system. We also report the result of the evaluation experiment.

In the ubiquitous computing technology, localization technique is one of the most important technical issues. The outdoor localization technique such as GPS is very popular. However, Indoor location sensing systems are very expensive because the systems require specialized hardware. On the contrary, wireless network technologies (e.g. Wireless LAN) are widely spread. In this paper, we implement the localization system which localizes a mobile node the position by making use of received signal strength indicator (RSSI).

In this study, we develope a wheel chair robot system based on a electric wheel chair. Line trace system and visible light communication system are attached to the electric wheel chair to improve its user-friendliness. Line trace system is a simple and reliable control method. It is robust when its wheels slip, because it uses traveling rail. Visible light communication is a communication technology which using visible light blinking. In this system, LED illumination lamp is used to send data by high frequency blinking. And the blinking frequency is so high that human can not recognize the blinking, and it can do illuminate and send data simultaneously. Visible light communication system is used to get current robot position by communicating with landmark (i.e., LED illumination lump). The wheel chair robot system can travel to the destination automatically by selecting the route with these system.

知能ロボットやエージェントなどの知的システムの環境適用を考える点で、身体と環境の切り分けは本来、知的システムの知能の発達により変わっていくものである。知的システムが身体知を身に着けるときに環境の同化をどのように行い環境に適合するかの新しいアーキテクチャを提案する。身体知は、３つの段階で獲得される。１つ目は、知的システム内の身体知獲得である。環境との相互作用なしに、自ら持つ本来の機能を効率よく使いこなすための知識（制御モデルやパラメータ調整も含む）を獲得する。次に、道具の利用である。環境の一部を身体の一部として取り込む能力である。また、環境を制御できるように変更する機能である。そして、身体に取り込めない環境は、その環境の性質を学び、可観測なシステムとして、身体はその変化を予測する知識を身につける。このように環境との関係を見直した身体知獲得のアーキテクチャについて論じる。

This paper describes analysis of learner’s arm behavior, eye behavior, and recognition in sketch drawing. We have been developing sketch learning support system that diagnoses drawn sketch by a learner and advises adaptively how to repair it. Currently the system diagnose only drawn sketch. We plan to develop a system that can diagnose arm behavior and recognition skill. For the purpose, we had some experiments and evaluated the results

When a student learns about his/her question of a class, adequate educational material, such as class text, make his/her learning more effective. We designed the class support system for university to provide a learning tool that the student confirm his/her own understanding of class. Our system is expected to provide a student repeatedly to read class text whenever, wherever or without class texts. To implement such system, we have two issues. First issue is display function for cellular phone to show text, image and equation in a class text. Second issue is a function that provides a student to learn basic contentsof class by alone. We choose Compact XMDF for online book as a format for class text and multiple-choice test as a student's self confirmation of understanding. We held a preliminary experiment through real class with our system in our university.

Recently, eLearning software becomes popular as learning material. However, it costs tutors to make adequate eLearning software. In this paper, we propose an authoring method of multiple-choice test and explanation of errors. We expect that the explanation of an erroneous choice enhance learning effect of a learner. A tutor inputs knowledge, then the authoring system outputs multiple-choice tests.

現在のインターネットは、文字・画像・音声データなどを自由にやり取りすることが可能な情報共有のインフラとして広く活用されている。しかしながら、動作の伝達や物理環境の状態を共有することはできない。WEB を閲覧する側に置かれたアクチュエータがインターネット上の情報を元にして機器の命令を生成しそれに従い動作することで、ローカル環境に存在する物体が「移動したり」「その性質が変化したり」して起こる物理状態の変化をネットワークを通じて共有することができれば、物理状態を共有できる可能性が生まれ、視覚や聴覚以外の触覚・味覚・臭覚などの共有が可能となる。そのためにはまず、同じ物理状態を作り出すための動作を生成する必要がある。本研究では、共通のWEB 記述から、場所と機能の異なるアクチュエータを有する複数の環境で、個々のアクチュエータの動作に対応させて命令系列を生成することを研究した。具体的には、コーヒーの作り方を記述したWEB ページから同じ調合順序と成分割合を持つコーヒーを動作機能の異なるアクチュエータで実現できるシステムの研究を行った。本論の目的とするシステムを実現するために、ローカル環境に依存しないWEB ページを作成する共通表現方式を定義した。そして、このWEB ページから個々のアクチュエータの動作命令系列である動作シーケンスを生成するアルゴリズムを作成した。実証実験では、アクチュエータの機構と材料の状態が異なる二つのローカル環境を作成し、個々のローカル環境に適合させて、二つの異なるアクチュエータ専用の動作命令によって、一つのコーヒー調理の動作を行えるかを確認した。その結果、アクチュエータや材料の状態の違いを越えて、目的とするコーヒー調理動作を実現できることが確認できた。

この研究発表は、医療分野（生活習慣病）のオントロジーを利用することで、従来困難であった意味検索を実現した点に新規性があります。検索キーワードをオントロジーを利用して、拡張語を選定することで、検索者の熟知していない医療分野の新専門用語や、キーワードの一般用語、関連語も考慮した検索を実現しています。専門医（大学病院）、開業医、患者間の医療情報の治療知識ネットワークに実装し、実用性が確認されています。

Recently, digital educational contents for an autistic person become popular in education at school. However, the digital contents have some problems in education. This paper analyzes the problems to design an authoring tool for the digital contents.

This paper describes an architecture of a conscious agent using reflection functions. We consider the agent using a production system for inference. In the system, the reflection function observes its working memory. The model of conscious is the relation between "working memory state" and "agent behavior goal". We discuss the conscious model, learning mechanism of the model, and goal selection problem. The prediction problem for other agent intention is also explained.

This paper describes a planning system architecture using simulation based reasoning. The planning system makes an operation sequence from the starting situation to the goal. In case of incomplete knowledge about the environment or scheduled objects, the system always cannot plan the complete solution. It is not easy to know the prediction of behaviors of all objects to be controlled and the environment. The technology for the dynamic planning is reactive planning. The system using this technology can make plants for non-static environment. Even if the system uses this, it is difficult to make plans under incomplete knowledge for the objects in the environment. To predict behaviors of objects, our system uses the simulator of the objects. Our system uses the simulator in the inference of planning. We introduce this architecture and the usage of simulation based reasoning.

This paper describes the reference and access method for design constraints in the design document. The purpose of the legacy design document represents minimal information of design. Using current information system, the design document can include several kinds of design constraints of reuse and redesign. It is also able to contain recycle constraints, manufacturing constraints, costs information, physical constraints and the designer's will. The system supplies these explicit constraints for redesign and visualizes them for the user. In this paper, we introduce two points that includes parts view and job oriented view of constraints.

This paper described an application method of case-based reasoning for a robot action learning in real-time environment. The robot action learning is a typical problem of behaviorbased AI. Reinforcement learning, GA and induction are adopted for this problem. On the other hand, the case-based reasoning is suitable for real-time action learning, because it is not necessary for the method to process row acquired cases. The efficiency of the knowledge extracted by this method is not better than the reinforcement learning. But the latter method needs the prior knowledge, and the former one has the advantage that it doesn't need that knowledge. We discuss the application methodology of case-based robot action learning in view of "generalization ratio of cases", "covering ratio of the problem space with cases" and "the number of cases". We use the Robocup simulator for evaluation of this method.

This paper described an application method of case-based reasoning for a robot action learning in real-time environment.The robot action learning is a typical problem of behaviorbased AI.Reinforceinent learning, GA and induction are adopted for this problem.On the other hand, the case-based reasoning is suitable for real-time action learning, bacause it is not necessary for the method to process row acquired cases.The efficiency of the knowledge extracted by this method is not better than the reinforcement learning.But the latter method needs the prior knowledge, and the former one has the advantage that it doesn't need that knowledge.We discuss the application methodology of case-based robot action learning in view of "generalization ratio of cases", "covering ratio of the problem space with cases"and "the number of cases".We use the Robocup simulator for evaluation of this method.

教育システム情報学会から、技術解説の執筆依頼を受け寄稿した。プログラミング環境について、背景、動向、技術概要、事例について述べた。

ハイパーテキスト構造を対象とした情報収集形態として, 最もよく見受けられるものがブラウジングである. このブラウジングにも様々な形態が存在するが, 収集した情報の影響を受けることにより, 興味の対象を徐々に変化してゆくブラウジングが注目されている. このようなブラウジングにおいては, ある時点での興味はその時点の近傍において収集された情報に強く影響されることになる. 筆者等はこのようなブラウジングを文脈依存性ブラウジング(context-sensitive browsing)と呼んでいる. この文脈依存性ブラウジングが行われるためには, 自由度の大きな情報収集が可能でなければならないが, WWW は大規模かつ多様な興味の下での利用が可能であるだけでなく, オーサによって設計されたリンクを辿る以外に, サーチエンジンなどを用いる手段が提供されている. したがって, WWW の普及に伴って, 文脈依存性ブラウジングの頻度はますます大きくなってくることが予想される. 本研究では, この文脈依存性ブラウジングの支援を指向して, 文脈に依存して動的に変化するユーザの興味を推定する手法を検討している. さらに, この推定結果に基づく支援手段としての情報フィルタリングについても述べる.

It is very important problem to instruct recursion concept in programming.In this research,we have developed an instruction system for supporting recursion concept acquisition in Prolog list processing programs.In this paper,we present an intermediate representation between the problem and the recursive program.In addition,we describe exercise functions for supporting a knowledge acquisition by using this representation.In conclusion,we describe an experiment for estimating our instruction system.

プログラムの作成過程において、プログラマは変数がどこで定義され、参照されるのかといった変数間の依存関係や文と文の制御の依存関係を意識している。これらの依存関係は、ソースプログラム中では暗黙的であり、かつプログラムを修正するたびに変化する。そのため、プログラマがこれらの依存関係を把握することは必ずしも容易ではない。プログラマのこのような負荷を軽減する方法の1つとして、プログラムの文間や変数間の依存関係を視覚化することが考えられる。その変数間の依存関係や文間の依存関係を視覚化する手法の1つにPDG(Program Dependence Graph)がある。本研究では、このPDGを用いたプログラミング支援環境の設計開発を行っている。本支援環境では、ソースプログラムの変更を動的にPDGに反映させることによって、それぞれの依存関係の変化が把握できるようにする。逆にPDGでの操作をソースプログラムに反映させることによって、依存関係を直接操作するプログラミングを可能にする。本稿では、特にプログラマによるPDGの操作を可能とする機能について述べる。プログラマがPDGを操作するとき、その対象物であるノードやリンクを変更しただけでは、依存関係でない部分に依存関係のリンクがついたり、依存関係である部分に依存関係のリンクがついていないといったことが起こり、依存関係の整合性に矛盾が生じる。またPDGの変更にともなって、副次的に他のものが変更されることがある。したがって、プログラマによるPDGの操作に対してPDGのどの部分が変化するかを整理する必要がある。変化する部分には、プログラマにとって保存してほしい依存関係などがあることがある。ここではプログラマにとって保存してほしいものを指定させることをPDGの変更に制約を与えるという。このことを可能とするため、各操作に対して制約の候補には何があるかを整理し、与えられた制約に対して操作後のPDGにどのような候補があるかの分類を行う。このような分類に基づいてプログラマがPDGを操作することができる環境を設計開発している。

It is very important problem to instruct the concept of recursion in programming.In this research,we have studied a method for supporting the acquisition of recursion concept in Prolog list processing programs.Our target is to instruct the programming style with procedurally intermediate representation between the recursion concept and the repetition concept that the student is familiar.Because this intermediate representation is procedural,it is possible to efficiently generate the intermediate representation with schemata.Therefore we have proposed a supporting method for acquiring the schemata.In this paper,we discuss this supporting by generating a sequence of exercise problems,selecting a similar problem,a schemata stabilizing supporting.

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

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学会誌編集委員会　幹事

学術雑誌等の編集委員・査読・審査員等

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社会人向け先端技術教育講座,日付:2019.12月9日～2月3日

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「経験して成長するための思考訓練」を発表,日付:2018年11月7日

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自分との話し方 〜考え方を考える〜,日付:7/22

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自分と上手に話そう,日付:11/25

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色んな会話を楽しもう！,日付:12/18

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The Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education, International Conference on Computers in Education

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2007 December, pp39-42, 2007.12

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糖尿病の専門医がもつ治療情報をかかりつけ医に伝送するシステムの記事

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自主演習の成果を和歌山市中之島の自治会において高齢者と子供向けのイベントを開催した