© The Author(s) 2019. This article examines the local practices, histories, and transnational circulation and exchange of gender ideologies within Japanese surfscapes. A focus on gender in relation to Japanese surf culture is critical as the ways surf spaces in Japan are governed and/or have changed in recent years has as much to do with transnational gender surf ideologies as with its domestic gender norms. More specifically, we examine how gendered ideologies in Japan are mobilized in particular ways depending on the conditions of possibility—the cultural, social, geographical, historical, and networked elements—that comprise any given surfscape. To draw attention to the complexities involved in the relationship between space, place, and gender in Japan, the enquiry is undertaken in a highly localized, territorial, and big-wave surf site in Wakayama Prefecture and surrounding Kansai region. This site has been chosen because of how it localizes a unique mode of trans-Pacific surf culture, thereby offering insight into the nuances, issues, and strategies of social change as surfing continues to evolve in the region. The aim of the analysis is twofold. The first is contextual, highlighting the importance of the culturally and site-specific character of how surf culture and gender relations are assembled in the Japanese context. The second is to offer insight into the specific histories and transnational relationships informing the gendered practices of surfing in Japan today. The intention is to highlight the diversity of surf cultures throughout East Asia and the different ways surfing lifestyles are localized in relation to socio-political-ecological place-making and gender.

© 2018 Cognizant, LLC. Over the past decade Critical Tourism Studies (CTS) has endeavored to create a better "tourism world" while also drawing attention to tourism's "worldmaking" force. However, the question of "the world" itself has escaped the critical lens of CTS. Reading Jean-Luc Nancy's philosophy of the world alongside Jia Zhangke's 2004 film The World, this article aims to develop an open and emergent sense of the world for CTS to consider. We do this in four parts. First, we introduce Nancy's "sense of the world" as always already in creation through our immanent relations with one another. Secondly, the relationship between world, creation, and praxis is addressed. Through a close reading of the emancipatory praxis and critical pedagogy common to CTS, we question the underlying assumption that the world comes into creation only when it is named, represented, and negotiated. Thirdly, we speculate on how an alternative "praxis" might unfold once this reconsidered sense of the world is taken into account. With the help of an exemplary long take scene in The World we detail three key features that give texture to Nancy's idea of the world as praxis: relationality, exposure, and spacing. We conclude by returning to the end of the film, or its "opening," in an effort to open up unfamiliar routes to reinvigorate the critical and creative agenda that underpins CTS.

Purpose: This article considers the possibilities of and barriers to socialising tourism after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Such an approach allows us to transform tourism and thereby evolve it to be of wider benefit and less damaging to societies and ecologies than has been the case under the corporatised model of tourism. Design/methodology/approach: This conceptual analysis draws on the theorisation of “tourism as a social force” and the new concept of “socialising tourism”. Using critical tourism approaches, it seeks to identify the dynamics that are evident in order to assess the possibilities for socialising tourism for social and ecological justice. It employs an Indigenous perspective that the past, present and future are interconnected in its consideration of tourism futures. Findings: COVID-19 has fundamentally disrupted tourism, travel and affiliated industries. In dealing with the crisis, borders have been shut, lockdowns imposed and international tourism curtailed. The pandemic foregrounded the renewal of social bonds and social capacities as governments acted to prevent economic and social devastation. This disruption of normality has inspired some to envision radical transformations in tourism to address the injustices and unsustainability of tourism. Others remain sceptical of the likelihood of transformation. Indeed, phenomena such as vaccine privilege and vaccine tourism are indicators that transformations must be enabled. The authors look to New Zealand examples as hopeful indications of the ways in which tourism might be transformed for social and ecological justice. Practical implications: This conceptualisation could guide the industry to better stakeholder relations and sustainability. Social implications: Socialising tourism offers a fruitful pathway to rethinking tourism through a reorientation of the social relations it fosters and thereby transforming its social impacts for the better. Originality/value: This work engages with the novel concept of “socialising tourism”. In connecting this new theory to the older theory of “tourism as a social force”, this paper considers how COVID-19 has offered a possible transformative moment to enable more just and sustainable tourism futures.

The increasing popularity of walking pilgrimage has created new forms of interaction and exchange between pilgrims and residents along pilgrimage routes. As a result, religious hospitality along these pilgrimage routes is also under transformation. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted along the Koyasan Choishi-michi pilgrimage route in Wakayama, Japan, this article examines how the meanings and experiences of osettai (‘religious hospitality’) change over time and space. Focusing specifically on the role tourism plays in the current transformation of religious hospitality, the article begins with a historical analysis of osettai and its meanings in pre-modern Japan. Next, we examine how osettai was interrupted due to the decline in walking pilgrims, but also sustained through the maintenance of indirectly related religious practices. The discussion then outlines the transforming meanings of osettai from a practice of giving offerings in return for spiritual reward, to a commodified economic service and finally to a form of cultural exchange. We conclude that placing religious faith as a central theme of analyses, not tourism, can offer new insights and deepen our understandings of how religious hospitality is both transformed and maintained through tourism.

Tourism planning and development is a complex, multifaceted, and highly politicised phenomenon, particularly in the context of economic development for rural minority communities. This paper discusses such a case in the context of a remote rural community, Siwa Oasis in the western desert of Egypt, which was one of the destinations identified in the development policy termed Infitah, or "openness" in the early 1970s. As part of a long-term project, this article examines how community members perceive tourism development and its effects on their livelihoods, specifically from gender perspective. Findings show that the government development policy in effect resulted resulted in Siwan seeking to protect their identity, including values associated with traditional gender relations, where women are considered to be the safeguards of domestic duties, child-raising, and minority languages, providing empirical evidence on how development can be "closing" rather than "opening" opportunities, disempowering rather than empowering.

The introduction to this special issue explores why in an ‘age of communication’ it has become increasingly important to revisit a somewhat lost sense of communication that we describe as the interface of culture and communication. Inspired by Karen Barad’s work and the diverse range of contributions to this special issue, we reflect on the fragmented, multiplied and diffracted sense of communication that has emerged in recent years. We examine this emergent form of communication through three interlinking yet distinct areas of study: “affective communication”, “tourism media interface”, and “interface of the human and nonhuman”. Providing grounded empirical research alongside unique theoretical insights, the eight articles bring together a diverse and complex range of contexts that would otherwise not enter into conversation with one another. And yet in their own ways each contribution challenges how communication has been approached and perceived in specific tourism settings and opens up spaces for understanding communication as diffraction and differentiation rather than a coming-together. By revisiting communication in this way, previous relationships embedded in tourism can be seen in new and interesting ways. The introduction to this special issue offers an initial exploratory conceptual framing of what we call the interface of culture and communication in effort to forefront new ways of thinking and engaging with culture and communication in tourism studies and beyond.

This concluding chapter summarises the varied contributions, key themes and future directions of Socialising Tourism: Rethinking Tourism for Social and Ecological Justice. This edited collection has sought to advance the socialising tourism concept by furthering ideas on how tourism may be made accountable to social and ecological limits. Bringing into conversation a diverse range of authors, academics, artists and activists already engaged in critical and often provocative analyses, the introduction and 13 chapters presented in this book offered an exploration into the possibilities of and impediments to the socialising tourism concept. Here, we reflect on what we have learned so far about socialising tourism with respect to the three themes that structured the book: tourism social relations, tourism ideologies and how to build better collective tourism futures. This discussion highlights key emergent themes and points of tension, paying particular attention: to the emphasis placed on the values of reciprocity, care and connection; the ongoing necessity of critique and collaboration; and the multiple scales and logics required to build alternative tourism futures. This is followed by a final discussion concerning future research and action agendas that aims to collectively build our capacity to socialise tourism for achieving social and ecological justice.

Once touted as the world’s largest industry and also a tool for fostering peace and global understanding, tourism has certainly been a major force shaping our world. The recent COVID-19 crisis has led to calls to transform tourism and reset it along more ethical and sustainable lines. It was in this context that calls to “socialise tourism” emerged (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020). This edited volume builds on this work by employing the term Socialising Tourism as a broad conceptual focal point and guiding term for industry, activists and academics to rethink tourism for social and ecological justice. Socialising Tourism means reorienting travel and tourism based on the rights, interests, and safeguarding of traditional ecological and cultural knowledges of local peoples, communities and living landscapes. This means making tourism work for the public good and taking seriously the idea of putting the social and ecological before profit and growth as the world re-emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an essential first step for tourism to be made accountable to the limits of the planet. Concepts discussed include Indigenous culture, toxic tourism, a “theory of care”, dismantling whiteness, decolonial tourism and animal oppression, among others, all in the context of a post-COVID-19 world. This will be essential reading for all upper-level students, academics and policymakers in the field of tourism. The Introduction of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at.

An agenda for socialising tourism seeks to address the disbenefits associated with neoliberal corporatised forms of tourism by reorienting tourism in important ways. Socialising tourism can be viewed as a revival and extension of earlier thinking by Higgins-Desbiolles on “tourism as a social force”. In later work, Higgins-Desbiolles proposed socialising tourism meant “[…]to make tourism responsive and answerable to the society in which it occurs”, suggesting that it is both the tourist and the tourism industry that must be socialised into respecting the local community and serving their needs and interests. This chapter considers what might socialising tourism mean; why does tourism need to be socialised; how might tourism be socialised; and finally, what might we ask of tourism. In particular, socialising tourism necessitates a change in our values, based on an understanding of our interdependency, an interest in the “Other”, appreciation of human-environmental relations and commitment to practices of respect, relationships, reciprocity and responsibility. Such work sets a promising agenda to rethink and reset tourism for social and ecological justice.

Despite the significance attached to local participation for African tourism development in terms of encouraging social, environmental and economic sustainability, development efforts remain largely centred on international tourism. Tourism in protected areas throughout Africa exemplify this contradiction. Statistics show that across Africa, the number of local citizens visiting national parks and reserves is notably fewer than international arrivals and community involvement in decision-making processes is limited. Drawing insights from tourism development in the protected areas of Tanzania’s Northern Circuit, we examine local community constraints to actively participating in the tourism industry as tourists. Local understandings of protected areas and tourism, high prices of services and a culture of prioritising socialising with friends and relatives over small group travel to pristine natural environments are identified as some of the key constraints to local participation as tourists. We argue that rethinking the structure and ideologies of Tanzanian tourism in protected areas to place greater emphasis on local community’s recreational needs, social practices and world views, is a seemingly obvious yet frequently overlooked means to increase community involvement and autonomy over what is considered by as a hegemonic Western tourism industry. Socialising tourism is a call for inclusive tourism, and in this chapter we discuss how greater local resident involvement in tourism as tourists - and not only as hosts or stakeholders of industry - can help reimagine and reconstruct Tanzanian tourism in a more culturally embedded and inclusive way.

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This article presents a genealogy of domestic surf tourism development in contemporary Japan. Drawing on two months’ ethnographic fieldwork conducted between July and August 2016, and participant observation during three years working, living and surfing in the area, I trace the historical production of one of Japan’s most prominent surf tourism destinations, Miyazaki Prefecture. Detailing the convergence of surfing culture and tourism development from 1930 to 2016, I examine how surf tourism came to be mobilised in Miyazaki as a tool for revitalising the local economy. The article then addresses three important transformations of the Japanese seascape surf tourism development invites: the feminisation of surf capital, global cultural gentrification and the reinforcement of urban–rural disparities. The article concludes with a reflection on how surf tourism development may (dis)connect local surfing communities and identify areas for future research concerning surf destination development leading up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.

This chapter examines how inbound tourism offers a familiar yet new context for understanding the complexities and contradictions of national identity and nationalism in the context of Japan’s tourism nation-building efforts. Over the past decade international inbound tourism has garnered unprecedented attention by the Japanese national government and is now recognised as a major pillar of the economic growth strategy and a critical industry for facilitating rural and regional revitalization. For much of the twentieth century tourism was not a national priority for the Japanese government. The launch of the Visit Japan Campaign in 2003 marked the beginning of a national branding strategy to encourage inbound tourism, initially aiming to attract 10 million international tourists annually by 2010. A close reading of Japan’s governmental policy between 2003 and 2016 reveals that inbound tourism is as much about national cultural revitalisation as it is economic.

© The Author(s) 2019. “Lifestyle sports” are not the preserve of occidental cultures, even though late capitalist Western nations dominate them commercially and ideologically. Examples of these sports are snowboarding, BASE jumping, freestyle BMX, mountain biking, bouldering, skateboarding, kiteboarding, rock climbing, parkour/free running, windsurfing, and surfing. Non-occidental cultures—such as those in Asia, Latin America, and Africa—also influence lifestyle sport institutions, commodities, values, and practices. Arguably, this influence is expanding and is accelerating as the populations of non-occidental cultures champion their interests and perspectives. This article makes a modest proposal for the starting of a targeted discourse among those interested in the cultural politics of lifestyle sports in the region of East Asia, an area with its own unique international and intra-regional interactions and concomitant needs, desires, and perspectives. In specific regard to this region, we argue it is worth asking: What are the stories being narrated and what forms do they take? How are complex social, political, cultural, and economic relations of this region being negotiated through lifestyle sports?

Destination management (or marketing) organizations (DMOs) have a long history, especially in the West. In Japan, however, anecdotal observation suggests that the term DMO was not part of the vocabulary of tourism practitioners or policy makers until the Japanese government adopted the concept in 2015 as a cornerstone of its new tourism policy. Since supporting evidence for this claim is limited, we quantify how the term DMO has proliferated in Japan through a content analysis of major Japanese newspapers, a common approach for studying the diffusion of novel concepts. Empirical results confirmed that the term began commonly appearing in newspaper articles in 2015. Coverage of Japanese DMOs has steadily increased since then, with the term DMO appearing prominently in the headlines quite frequently. The study demonstrates how a Western concept in tourism gains currency in contemporary Japan via the popular press. Future research agendas for this recent phenomena are also discussed.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Destination marketing and/or management organizations (DMOs) have been acknowledged as an essential component of the tourism system. However, the ability of DMOs to manage and coordinate destination development in contemporary society is now being questioned by scholars. The focus of this regional spotlight is Japan, a country that has recently turned to tourism as the tool to facilitate economic growth. The paper examines the early emergence of the registered DMO program introduced by the Japanese government in 2015, with a particular focus on how the concept of DMO is being adopted and understood by tourism practitioners at local tourism destinations across the country. Offering insights into the ways the concept of DMO is understood, experienced and employed in Japan, a non-Western context, the paper contributes to the international debate concerning the future role of DMOs globally.

In 2015, the Japanese government launched a programme that aims to enhance the performance of destination organisations. Within the programme, the concept of destination marketing and/or management organisations (DMOs), which has been developed mainly in the Western countries, was introduced. Destination organisations can apply to be registered as DMO candidate organisations. Candidate organisations, which are categorised as municipal, inter-municipal, or inter-prefectural levels, disclose their income performance when they apply to the programme. This study provides an example of how DMOs manage local communities. Using income data from municipal and inter-municipal DMO candidate organisations in Kyushu, we discuss the optimal income ratio, the role of partnership platforms/initiatives, and the contribution to sustainable management through commercial income. In addition, the Tamana DMO in Kumamoto Prefecture is used to explore how DMOs can enhance engagement with local communities. We conclude with a discussion of the meaning of ‘M' within DMOs and their functions.

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Dominant sustainability discourses commonly situate Earth as the singular realm of human influence and position modern mobility as one of the primary means through which we are destroying the biosphere. The commercialisation of activities in outer space and the development of space tourism have resulted in drastically reduced launch costs, enabling an increased human presence beyond the biosphere. This paper argues that current debates concerning the relationship between tourism mobilities and sustainability are marked by increasingly untenable assumptions concerning the spatial and temporal parameters of human influence. We critique those assumptions by introducing the concept of a sustainable trajectory to examine the relationship between modern mobility and sustainability, a relationship that is being redefined by the rapidly advancing fields of commercial spaceflight and space tourism. Greater attention to space tourism and commercial spaceflights is required in order to develop a coherent, long-term conceptualisation of the implications of modern mobility for sustainability.

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York. Transport is a vast and complex socio-technical system, and despite a clear need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels due to undesirable environmental impacts, it is largely locked into business-as-usual. Systems approaches are a useful way to help make sense of multiple competing influences which may be simultaneously driving change and supporting the status quo. This paper applies qualitative system dynamics modelling to help interpret the results of a Delphi study into global transport transitions, involving 22 international experts in various aspects of transport. The main contribution of the paper is its exploration of the use of system dynamics (SD) modelling to interpret the Delphi findings. SD modelling was used to reveal and elucidate the causal arguments put forward by the expert panel about the factors driving business-as-usual, the factors creating barriers to more sustainable transport systems, and the drivers of change. The SD model is used to explore and expose the key causal patterns at play, and how these interact to both support and hinder change. The resulting model shows the complex, interdependent dynamics involved in supporting the status quo. Even at the relatively high level of analysis reported here, the model is useful in revealing interdependencies between parts of the system, where change in one part may well have knock-on effects elsewhere in the system. In particular the model reveals the strong reinforcing loops that act to minimise the impact of change drivers and thus retain the dominance of automobility. The result is a system that is highly dependent on the continued existence of key reinforcements such as policies that subsidise fossil fuels. From a methodological perspective, the outcomes of the Delphi study provided a rich source of qualitative material which was highly suitable for developing a system dynamics model.

© 2016 Cognizant, LLC. This article offers a polemic directed against the largely unchallenged incorporation of mobilities within tourism studies. The mobilities paradigm may offer many constructive insights for the field of tourism; however, this article argues that the concept has been received rather uncritically by tourism scholarship and needs further critical appraisal. As a polemic, the article is designed to invite reaction as well as offer a counterpoint for those who may also feel uncomfortable with the seemingly "natural" progression from tourism studies to tourism mobilities. The aim of the article is twofold: first to open up a more nuanced debate of the philosophical stakes of mobilities for tourism studies, and second to renew the question and explore different possibilities of what constitutes a mobile philosophy today. By critically examining the paradox underpinning mobilities' ambition to "stabilize a world on the move" and closely interrogating the literature suggesting the paradigm shift signals "the end of tourism," the article explores how a nuanced rereading of the philosophical stakes of mobilities ultimately signals a return to tourism studies rather than moving "beyond" it. The article concludes by opening up a creative, destabilizing, and pluralizing mobile philosophy for tourism and mobility scholarship to consider.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The dominance of fossil fuel-powered transport systems presents a serious risk to human well-being and the natural environment. Transitioning to a low-carbon transport system requires changes to many dimensions of transport, including: technologies, and mobility practices and expectations. It also requires changes across multiple scales of activity. Conceptual models play an essential role in transitions within complex systems such as transport, as they can help identify key interactions and opportunities for change. A variety of theoretical models offer useful perspectives on transport transitions from different disciplinary positions. In this paper, we introduce the Energy Cultures framework, which was developed to support interdisciplinary understandings of energy behavior and energy-related transitions. It offers an integrating framework for transport behavior and a group of concepts to assist with analysis. We explore the potential of the framework in the transportation context by using the findings from a series of in-depth interviews with international transport experts. Applied to the interview material, the framework provides a structure which works at different scales to highlight key influences that lock-in the prevailing transport culture, as well as key drivers that are producing new emerging transport cultures. The framework complements other models and approaches, and offers a gateway to deeper exploration of the elements of interest via these complementary theories and models. We conclude that the Energy Cultures framework has the qualities of a successful integrating model for conceptualizing energy transitions in transport.

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The energy cultures framework was developed in 2009 to support interdisciplinary investigation into energy behaviour in New Zealand. In this paper, we discuss the framework in light of 5 years of empirical application and conceptual development. The concept of culture is helpful in seeking to better understand energy behaviour because it conveys how behaviours are embedded within the physical and social contexts of everyday life, and how they are both repetitive and heterogeneous. The framework suggests that the energy culture of a given subject (e.g. an individual, a household, a business, a sector) can be studied by examining the interrelationships between their norms, practices and material culture, and how these, in turn, are shaped by external influences. We discuss the key theoretical influences of the framework, and how the core concepts of the framework have evolved as we have applied them in different research situations. We then illustrate how we have applied the framework to a range of topics and sectors, and how it has been used to support interdisciplinary research, in identifying clusters of energy cultures, in examining energy cultures at different scales and in different sectors, and to inform policy development.

公開講座・講演会の企画・講師等

Wakayama, all Japan and international audiences,日付:2020年2月17-19日

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Live performance featuring Fukushima poet Ryoichi Wago and collaborators Jan Baker-Finch and Joyce To,日付:10

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Public discussions ons ports tourism, mega events and Japanese societal changes ,日付:22

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References lecture given at the 2019 at the International Symposium in Amami.

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International public symposium on the seaside. A discussion on saving the coastline, Katoku’s international value ,日付:25

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Featured interview referencing 2018 Fukushima surfing research,Minamisoma City Supporter Bulletin [minamisoma-shi sapo-ta kaiho-shi].

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Contributed to the public seminar on food, agriculture and mobility,日付:1

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Public Seminar presentation,日付:24

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Featured interview based on 2018 research on Miyazaki.

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Photographic contribution for,"A Toxic Love Affair: Polluted Leisure in ‘Blue Spaces’",日付:21

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A public seminar on science, sustainability and culture of riding waves in Japan,日付:20

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Scientific Review Committee,任期:Ongoing

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Film screening and discussion the ongoing implications of the Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster for coastal communities in Fukushima.,日付:19

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Wakayama University Tourism Research Seminar in Tokyo on “The Future of Tourism and DMOs”, Tokyo,日付:3

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Discussant on the role of UNESCO for nature conservation,日付:21

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seminar and workshop on the development of DMOs overseas and what this means in Japan,日付:27

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