Faculty Profiles - HARA Yuji

Published Papers - HARA Yuji

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Satoyama landscape change in the periphery of a Japanese regional city from 1884 to 2002 : a case study in Wakayama Prefecture

Motoyasu, Y, Hara, Y （Part： Last author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 529 - 538 2011.08 [Refereed]

Satoyama, a traditional rural landscape of Japan, is considered to be a sustainable agricultural ecosystem managed by local farmers. However, the spread of urbanization and the increase in fossil fuel consumption have led the decline or the abandonment of the use of Satoyama, even though it has been highlighted recently for its ecological functions. General and site-specific information such as natural land conditions, long-term land-use changes, and their relationships are important in understanding Satoyama. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between topographic conditions and land-use changes in the periphery of Wakayama City, Japan. We produced three digital vector land-use maps for 1884, 1947, and 2002 by onscreen visual interpretation of scanned raster images of original paper topographic maps at a 1:25,000 scale. We used digital elevation data at a resolution of 5 m for landform modeling. We then conducted an overlay analysis among these four layers and quantified land-use changes as well as the relationship between land use and landform. In addition, we collected statistical data and historical documents on socioeconomic conditions in the study area, and conducted field interviews of local residents to verify driving forces of land-use change derived through above spatial analysis. Our results showed that orchards notably increased whereas rice fields had slightly decreased during the study period. Some conifer forests shifted to broadleaf forests between 1884 and 1947 and then back to the conifer forests between 1947 and 2002. The overlay analysis demonstrated that landforms performed as the basic environmental condition restricting possible land use throughout the period. However, our field survey results suggested that installation of new agricultural infrastructure, in this case a monorail for harvesting fruit products from orchards on steep slopes, also may have influenced landscape changes.

Relationship between the Transition of Land Utilization in Amitori Village, Iriomote Island and the Size of Garcinia Subelliptica Planting Around Houses

NAKAZATO Nagahiro, HARA Yuji, NAKASHIMA Atsushi

Landscape Research Japan Online ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 4 17 - 23 2011.03 [Refereed]

A typical landscape in each village in Okinawa is a house with red roof tiles, stone walls and G. subelliptica for prefeeting wind. G. subelliptica has been used not only for wind protect trees but as dyes and building materials since the 18 century. Since then, the government of the Ryukyu, the old name of Okinawa, encouraged the people to plant G. subelliptica in the villages. When a village was newly formed, G. subelliptica was extensively planted. Thus, it has been found that the relationship among six villages was clarified by studying the planting and spread of G. subelliptica. In this study, we verified whether a diameter of G. subelliptica had a close relation with the village formation. As a result, it was revealed that the investigation on G. subelliptica was effective in terms of the village formation, where the traditional landscape left in the old village.

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Agricultural land dynamics in peri-urban areas: a case study of Xiqing district, Tianjin, China

Zhou Dingyang, Tsuchiya Kazuaki, Hara Yuji, Hirotaka MATSUDA, Tomoo OKAYASU, Kazuhiko TAKEUCHI

Environmental information science ( 環境情報科学センター ) 39 ( 5 ) 61 - 70 2011 [Refereed]

Peri-urban agriculture has become an increasingly important policy concern, particularly in rapidly growing cities in emerging countries. An accurate understanding of changes in land use and their driving factors has important implications for assessing food security and policy making. We evaluated agricultural land use changes at the landscape scale in the Tianjin peri-urban area in China from 1993 to 2009 by using Landsat images. The main driving factors of the changes were investigated at the farm scale through a survey of local farmers. The image classification results showed an obvious loss of agricultural land since the early 1990s. Two other notable trends, which differ from results of previous studies of other peri-urban areas, were observed: (1) land had been converted from the production of traditional perishable foods to the production of staple foods, in this case, from vegetables and fruits to maize; and (2) there was a shift from staple production to fiber production, in this case, from rice and maize to cotton. The main driving factors of these changes were farmers adapting to insufficient amounts of labor and freshwater and to the use of treated wastewater for irrigation, rather than to market mechanisms or government policies, because growing perishable foods requires more labor and fiber production consumes less irrigation water. To improve food security and sustainably develop the region, agriculture must be integrated into a larger developmental plan.

Village aggregation project and its land reuse in China: Case of Huaming new town project in Dong Li District, Tianjin

Yuji Hara, Hirotaka Matsuda （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Reports of the City Planning Institute of Japan 9 115 - 118 2010.12

Using the Huaming new town (HNT) project in Dong Li District, Tianjin, as a case study, this report aims to reveal actual field situation of new urban development parallel with remote village clearances under farmland protection policy in China. We first visited the project office of HNT and interviewed with project officers for issues on development process. We then visited one of the former villages and interviewed with a person in charge of redevelopment project in the site. We found that new town consisted of 300ha high-rise residential and 200ha industrial districts, which were equivalent in total to former villages with an area of 500ha. Most of the redevelopment sites were economically-profitable agricultural facilities such as the large-scale horticultural greenhouses. These redevelopments might be operational field responses which are different from original aim of farmland protection policy for national food security.

Study on the Distribution and the Land Use Condition of Vacant Lots in Subdivision Development Sites in the Suburban Area of Metro Manila

MURAKAMI Akinobu, WATANABE Yuya, HARA Yuji, YOKOHARI Makoto, PALIJON Armando

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 73 ( 5 ) 607 - 610 2010.03 [Refereed]

Since to generate lots of new public open spaces in already congested urbanized areas is quite difficult,it is strongly needed to utilize the existing privately owned open spaces in order to establish a sound urban environmental plan, especially in Asian mega-cities where rapid urbanization is being observed. In this study, GIS analysis and field survey were integrated to examine the distribution and the condition of privately owned open spaces in the suburban area of Metro Manila, Philippines, then, the influences of Home Owners Association was examined. First, the aerial photos taken in different periods were used to examine the change of privately owned open space in the subdivision development areas. Then, a series of field survey was implemented. Through the study, the following findings were obtained; although the ratio of privately owned public spaces has been decreasing, it was observed that the rate of decreasing has become gentle. The condition of open spaces varied lot to lot, the feature of open space was influenced by the characteristics of the area and its home owners association.

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Supply-Demand Balance of Compost between Urban and Agricultural Sectors According to Pen-Urban Development in an Urban-Rural Fringe Area in Asia: A Case Study in Nonthaburi, Thailand

Yuji Hara

Alliance for Global Sustainability 2010

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Impacts of housing development on nutrients flow along canals in a peri-urban area of Bangkok, Thailand

R. Honda, Y. Hara, M. Sekiyama, A. Hiramatsu

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ( I W A PUBLISHING ) 61 ( 4 ) 1073 - 1080 2010 [Refereed]

Change of nutrients load and flow according to land-use change induced by housing development was investigated in Bang Yai, Nonthaburi, Thailand, which located in the peri-urban area of Bangkok. Each house in the newly developed residential community was regulated to be equipped with a septic tank to collect night Soil. However, greywater and leachate from the septic tank was collected by a community sewage system and discharged into the canals with insufficient treatment, while the canals still function as infrastructure for irrigation and transportation. in the study area, built-up area became 1.4 times and agricultural fields decreased by 13% from 2003 until 2007. Total nutrients load to the canals was increased by 25% as nitrogen and 14% as phosphorus according to the increase of built-up area. Net nutrients load from agricultural fields was largely set off when we evaluated nutrients inflow from the canals to the agricultural field through irrigation. Consequently, nutrients load from domestic wastewater accounted most of net nutrients load into the canal.

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Organic Waste Management and the Potential of its Local Recycle Use in the Suburbs of Metro Manila

FURUTANI Takashi, HARA Yuji, MURAKAMI Akinobu, Palijon Armando, YOKOHARI Makoto

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 72 ( 5 ) 719 - 722 2009.03 [Refereed]

Using the Solid Waste Management Program of Holy Spirit, a neighborhood of Quezon City and the larger Metro Manila area, as a case study, this research aims to further the development of efficient organic waste recycling systems in developing countries. To accomplish this, two aspects of the present system of Holy Spirit are first evaluated: (1) the reduction of organic waste and recycling of compost and (2) the quantity of organic waste and compost produced. Then, the amount of compost that could potentially be utilized on farmland and vacant land within Holy Spirit was measured to determine the possibility of a local recycling system. Our results indicate that, at present, securing buyers for compost is difficult and, therefore, most compost is distributed to large neighboring farm villages. However, our analysis of potential compost-use within the Holy Spirit area demonstrates that a more local compost recycling system is indeed feasible.

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Distribution, Amount and Institutional Backgrounds of Green Spaces Prepared within Subdivisions in the Urban Fringe of Bangkok

HOSHIKOSHI Asuka, HARA Yuji, OKAYASU Tomoo, KANO Yoko, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko （Part： Corresponding author )

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 72 ( 5 ) 687 - 692 2009.03 [Refereed]

In the urban-rural fringe areas of numerous large Southeast Asian cities, residential districts are facing serious environmental problems due to a lack of proper land-use plans and urban greenery management schemes. The preparation of green spaces is essential for the amelioration of many residents' living environments. Despite this, the spatial and functional conditions of residential green spaces are vague in particular; green spaces inside dominant gated subdivisions have been rarely examined. For this study, we focused on green spaces prepared within subdivisions in the urban fringes of Bangkok, Thailand and examined spatial distribution, quantity and institutional backgrounds of these green spaces. We found that legal obligations to a housing developers and rising market demands for the preparation of green spaces have a strong influence on the currently increasing number of in-subdivision green spaces. We propose that it is necessary to more strictly implement a legal framework to allocate in-subdivision green spaces, as well as to develop comprehensive management schemes in dealing with both in- and out-subdivision green spaces.

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SURFACE FILL VOLUME AS A LAND-USE PLANNING INDICATOR FOR ASIAN LOW-LYING URBAN REGIONS

Yuji Hara

URBAN PLANNING IN THE 21ST CENTURY 2009

Municipal solid waste flow and waste generation characteristics in an urban-rural fringe area in Thailand

HARA Yuji, HIRAMATSU Ai, HONDA Ryo, SEKIYAMA Makiko, MATSUDA Hirotaka

Proceedings of the General Meeting of the Association of Japanese Geographers ( The Association of Japanese Geographers ) 2009 56 - 56 2009

In the urban–rural fringe of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, rapid urbanization is creating a land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential areas. To develop appropriate policies to enhance recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW), current MSW management was investigated in the oboto (local administrative district) of Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province, adjoining Bangkok. The authors conducted a structural interview survey with waste-related organizations and local residents, analysed household waste generation, and performed global positioning system (GPS) tracking of municipal garbage trucks. It was found that MSW was collected and treated by local government, private-sector entities, and the local community separately. Lack of integrated management of these entities complicated waste flow in the study area, and some residences were not served by MSW collection. Organic waste, such as kitchen garbage and yard waste, accounted for a large proportion of waste generation but was underutilized. Through GPS/GIS analysis, the waste collection rate of the generated waste amount was estimated to be 45.5–51.1% of total generation.

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Occurrence of leaf blight disease on flowering dogwood planted as roadside trees

YAGUCHI Yukio, HENRY B. P., STORE A. J., YAMADA Toshihiro, ICHIKAWA Kaoru, HARA Yuji （Part： Last author )

Journal of tree health ( Tree Health Research Society, Japan ) 11 ( 4 ) 203 - 203 2007.10

STUDY ON LAND USE AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN URBAN-RURAL MIXED AREA IN NONTHABURI PROVINCE

Ai HIRAMATSU, Yuji HARA, Makiko SEKIYAMA, Ryo HONDA

Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Environmental Systems Research ( JAPAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ) 35 151 - 157 2007.10

In the urban fringe of Bangkok Metropolitan Region, a rapid urbanization has been creating land-use mixture of agricultural fields and residential area. Toward the establishment of appropriate polices to enhance recycling of solid waste, we investigated the current situation of solid waste management in Bang Maenang in Nonthaburi Province adjoining Bangkok. We found that collection and treatment of solid waste in the study area were conducted by local government, private sectors, and local community individually. However, due to lack of integrated management, some residences remained out of service on solid waste collection. Organic waste such as kitchen garbage and yard waste accounted for a large proportion of waste generation.

Urban land expansion and cultivated land loss in the Beijing Tianjin region, China

Gondhalekar, D, Hara, Y, Takeuchi, K

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 98 - 107 2007.08 [Refereed]

Economic growth in China continues to nurture the urban expansion of large cities, causing the loss of an increasing amount of arable land. Cultivated land conservation in the urban fringe is important in mitigating the concomitant effects of urban growth on the environment. Due to strong State influence, possible policy differences between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei Province are expected to be reflected in the land-use pattern. In this study, we examined quantitative land-use change in the Beijing Tianjin region using Geographic Information Systems and a 1 km grid dataset of the 1980s, 1995 and 2000. The results show difference in terms of the urban and cultivated land-use change pattern between Beijing and Tianjin municipalities as well as between the suburbs and outer counties in the study area. Urban expansion seems linked to existing urban centers, whilst change in cultivated land appears to be subject to administrative boundaries as well as market forces, indicating large-scale State influence on the land-use pattern. However, the results suggest that most changes in cultivated land occur at a local scale. As separate administrative areas try to meet State demands, land resources may not be used as effectively as possible. This study suggests that planners should pay increased attention to landuse patterns and policy implementation at small scales in order to enable effective urban-rural planning.

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greenery in suburban residential districts of Metro Manila

Hara Y, Ogasawara T, Palijon A.M, Takeuchi K （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 418 - 427 2007.08 [Refereed]

This case study was conducted to better understand the present situation of urban greenery in Marikina City, in the suburbs of metropolitan Manila, a typical large Asian city. A vegetation survey was conducted in residential districts of Marikina City, and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of trees were analyzed. Lot size had some influence on the quantity of greenery in residential lots. In smaller lots, however, quantity did not increase in proportion to lot size. It appears, then, that the land-use controls for individual lots did not function effectively. Quantitative differences of greenery were related to qualitative differences, depending on the year or period of development of the residential area. In the newly developed residential lots, the greenery is comprised mostly of ornamental trees. Under the present circumstances, there is no assurance of sustaining the desired quantity of greenery in smaller residential lots. From these results, we proposed that regulations on lot size/coverage and promotion of tree planting involving local residents are needed to sustain urban greenery in residential districts.

Planting Environment and Growing Condition of Dogwood (Cornus florida) Street Trees in the 23wards of Tokyo Prefecture

ICHIKAWA Kaoru, HARA Yuji, HENRY Brian P, STORER Andrew J, TAKEUCHI Kazuhiko

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 70 ( 5 ) 527 - 532 2007.03 [Refereed]

The planting environment and the growing condition of street trees were surveyed to contribute to appropriate street tree establishment and management. The distribution and site condition in terms of road types and width and land use for dogwood street trees in the 23 wards of Tokyo prefecture were analyzed using GIS. Attributes of roads, sidewalks, planting layouts and background, and tree vigor were surveyed at the 49 selected sites. Dogwood street trees were mainly planted in residential, commercial and business areas. It was found however that they had different backgrounds and that in different growing conditions depended on the site condition. Especially, the number of sites where dogwood trees are planted drastically increased recently on national road and Tokyo metropolitan government roads mainly on the occasion of construction works on the roads. On ward roads, they were planted as improvement of sidewalks especially in commercial and mixed land use areas. Tree vigor showed differences for different site conditions. It was considered that the selection and management of street trees should be based on site condition.

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アジア大都市周縁における循環型社会を基調とした都市農村融合と戦略的土地利用計画～バンコク近郊ノンタブリ県における現地調査報告～

本多了, 原祐二, 関山牧子, 平松あい

環境安全, 東京大学環境安全研究センター 111 7 - 11 2006

The spatial distribution of green spaces in the urban fringe of Bangkok

Hara, Y, Yokota, S, Murakami, A, Takeuchi, K （Part： Lead author,　Corresponding author )

Proceedings of International Symposium on City Planning 177 - 186 2004.09 [Refereed]

Urban green spaces with a wide variety of functions to ameliorate the urban environment have been decreased and fragmented in the urban fringe areas of Southeast Asian cities. In order to elaborate practical and efficient plans to conserve urban green spaces, it is very important to understand changing process and spatial distribution of green spaces, and to monitor them continuously. From this viewpoint, we inspected green cover, land-use and landholding, and their correlations in the urban fringe of Bangkok using GIS. As a result, the following four facts are revealed. First, urbanization has been proceeding together with land fragmentation, and green cover is finally diminished after the construction of a new house on a subdivided vacant plot. Second, rural land-uses sustain high green cover, while urban land-uses have relatively low green cover with a several range depending on the type of housing. Third, rural land-use is tied to a canal, whereas urban land-use is linked with a road; besides these development patterns influence on the distribution of green spaces. Finally, the inaccessible landlocked plots with high green cover are observed a lot.

Study on the Characteristics of Landscape Change in the Urban Fringe Area of Metro Manila, the Philippines

MURAKAMI Akinobu, HARA Yuji, OGASAWARA Taku

Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ( The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture ) 66 ( 4 ) 290 - 293 2003.03 [Refereed] [Invited]

The conversion of agricultural land to other uses caused by rapid urbanization generates lots of serious problems. The aim of this paper was to analyze the general patterns of the changes in spatial structures in the urban fringe area of Metro Manila. Analysis was implemented using GIS data set and the result of field survey, then following findings were obtained. The indigenous pattern of land use was demolished by two types of development. And abandonment of agricultural land occurred during the process of developments.

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